Speciation modelling of copper (II) in the thiomolybdate : contaminated bovine rumen
Date
2007-07-31
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
ORCID
Type
Degree Level
Doctoral
Abstract
Copper is one of the most vital trace elements in ruminant nutrition. It is required for several metabolic activities and it is also an essential component of several physiologically important metalloenzymes. Thus copper deficiency in ruminants results in distinctive pathologies, and hence in significant economic losses to farmers. Copper deficiency results from very low copper in diet (primary copper deficiency) and interference with Cu absorption in the animal due to Mo and S in food or water (secondary copper deficiency). The molybdenum-induced copper deficiency that affects ruminants can be attributed to the formation of thiomolybdates (TMs)from molybdate and sulfide in the rumen. The TMs formed then react irreversibly with copper to form insoluble Cu-TM complex which ultimately end up being excreted, thus reducing copper bioavailability to the ruminant. In this study, an attempt has been made to use computer simulations to model speciation of copper in rumen fluid in the presence of TMs with the aim of understanding the extent to which TMs affects the levels of copper in the rumen. This was done by initially refining the computer model of copper speciation with respect to low molecular mass (LMM) ligands in bovine rumen with the aim of correcting the discrepancy that was observed during experimental validation of the computer model in a previous study. To this end, mass balance equations which describes the distribution of Cu(II) amongst the different ligands were encoded into a spreadsheet to calculate equilibrium concentration of all species. Formation constants obtained from literature as well as those obtained from studies in our group were used as input values in the spreadsheet. Results show that at average ruminal pH, the metal would be present mostly as carbonate and phosphate complexes. The results obtained from the computer model in the present study were validated using 1H NMR experiments on simulated rumen fluid as well as actual rumen fluid containing Cu(II); using acetic acid chemical shift as the probe for monitoring the speciation pattern. Excellent agreement was observed between the computer model and experimental results. Discrepancy was however observed upon introduction of copper lysine as copper source into the model. Incorporation of a mixed ligand complex of Cu(II), acetate and lysine into the computer model gave an excellent agreement between the computer model and experimental results. The study was extended to include glycine, histidine, methionine and EDTA complexes as the copper source in both rumen saliva (McDougall’s solution) and rumen fluid. Results show that only the histidine and EDTA complexes persist to any significant extent, in spite of the large number of competing ligands present in these matrices.In this study, success has also been achieved in the integration of the slow (kinetically controlled) formation of TMs and copper-tetrathiomolybdate (TM4) complexation into the previously developed model for the rapidly equilibrating copper-ligand speciation. To simulate the formation of the TMs and Cu-TM4 complex with respect to time, the differential equations representing rate expressions for each chemical species were solved to obtain an analytical solution using the Laplace transform method. The analytical solutions obtained were encoded in a spreadsheet and calculated as function of time to obtain time – dependent concentrations of TMs and Cu-TM4 complex. This was then integrated with previously developed model for the rapidly equilibrating copper-ligand speciation in the rumen. The kinetic data used in the simulation of the formation thiomolybdates was obtained fron literature wheras that for Cu-TM4 complexation was obtained from our lab using Cu(II) - Ion Selective Electrode. The results show that that in the presence of TM4 the, Cu(II) bound to low molecular ligands in the rumen is drastically reduced confirming the effect TM4 on Cu(II) observed in several in vitro studies.The study shows that in thiomolybdate contaminated rumen environment, the bioavailability of copper is considerably reduced. Though metal bioavailabilities are hard to predict this approach could help better our understanding of this process.
Description
Keywords
Copper(II) Speciation, Computer Simulation, 1H NMR, Thiomolybdate, Bovine Rumen
Citation
Degree
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
Department
Chemistry
Program
Chemistry