The Effect of Consuming Either Dairy Milk, Plant-Based Protein Beverage, or Low-Protein Almond Beverage on Body Composition, Proximal Femur Geometry, and Muscular Strength in Adolescent Athletes
Date
2024-12-10
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Degree Level
Masters
Abstract
We examined the effect of consuming 500mL of either 1% chocolate dairy milk, plant-based protein beverage, and low-protein almond beverage three times per week for six months on body composition, muscular strength, and proximal femur geometry in adolescents participating in sports. Participants (n=112; 79 males, 33 females; 14.2±1.5y; 166.9±10.4cm; 60.7±17.8kg) were randomized into dairy milk (n=36), plant-based protein beverage (n=39), or low-protein almond-beverage (n=37) groups. Body composition and proximal femur geometry were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscular strength was assessed by predicted maximal strength in the hack-squat and barbell bench-press. A 3 x 2 x 2 (group x sex x time) ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare differences. Significance was accepted at p<.05. There were no group x time or group x sex x time interactions for body composition or muscular strength. Group x time interactions revealed greater increases in section modulus of the narrow part of the femoral neck (strength of bone in bending) in dairy milk and plant-based protein beverage groups compared to low protein almond-beverage (p<0.05) and greater increase in femoral shaft cortical thickness in the plant-based protein beverage group than the low-protein almond-beverage group (p<0.05). Group x sex x time interactions indicated females in the plant-based protein beverage group had smaller increase in narrow neck buckling ratio (susceptibility of bone to buckling under compression) than females in dairy milk and low-protein almond-beverage groups (p<0.05); males in the low-protein almond-beverage group increased inter-trochanteric subperiosteal width (predictive of increased fracture susceptibility) (p<0.05), and that inter-trochanteric section modulus (strength of bone in bending) increased in males in the plant-based protein beverage and low-protein almond-beverage groups (p<0.05). These findings highlight that dairy milk, and a protein-matched plant-based beverage have beneficial effects on geometric properties of bone at the hip compared to a low-protein almond-beverage and that there is no significant difference between beverage groups for body composition and muscular strength when protein intake is sufficient.
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Keywords
dairy, plant-based, body composition, lean mass, fat mass, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, muscular strength, proximal femur geometry, dietary intake, adolescent, puberty, athlete
Citation
Degree
Master of Science (M.Sc.)
Department
Kinesiology
Program
Kinesiology