The effects of sow grouping practices on production and mixing aggression
Date
2023-06-21
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
ORCID
0009-0007-1045-6596
Type
Thesis
Degree Level
Masters
Abstract
As the Canadian swine industry transitions gestation housing from stalls to groups, it is important to understand the impact of different grouping practices on sow productivity and welfare. When sows are housed in groups, a social hierarchy is established through aggressive behaviour which can negatively impact production. Many producers are implementing dynamic groups and early mixing using precision feeding; however, there is potential for greater aggression and the consequences of this practice are not fully known.
This study compared the effects of three grouping treatments in gestation on sow productivity and aggression. Treatments included: Control (Con): sows housed in stalls for 35 days after insemination, then moved to static groups; Static (Sta): sows mixed into static groups 1-8 days after insemination; and Dynamic (Dyn): sows mixed into dynamic groups 1-8 days after insemination with monthly mixing (8-10 sows removed and replaced). Mixed parity sows and gilts were housed in groups of 25 per pen in three replicates per treatment. Body weight, body condition score and backfat thickness were recorded once at breeding and again when sows were moved to farrowing. Farrowing rate, litter characteristics and piglet birthweights were recorded. On the day of mixing, sow behaviour was video recorded for measurement of reciprocal and one-sided aggression. Skin lesions and lameness were scored before and after mixing, at ~day 63 of gestation, ~day 91 of gestation, and on the day of moving to farrowing. Hair samples were collected at 7- and 12-weeks post-insemination for cortisol analysis. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4 using mixed effects models and Chi-square analysis.
Grouping practice did not have a significant effect on change in body weight, backfat thickness or body condition during gestation. Farrowing rates for Con, Dyn and Sta treatments were 81%, 88% and 62%, respectively (Chi sq p<0.001). There were no significant treatment differences for litter characteristics. At mixing, Sta sows had a higher frequency of reciprocal fighting in the first half hour (Chi sq p<0.001), than did Con or Dyn sows. However, during the 24 hrs following mixing, sows in the Con treatment received more lesions in total than did Sta or Dyn sows (means ±SEM: Con: 11.71 ±0.46; Dyn: 8.69 ±0.40; Sta: 9.09 ±0.41, p<0.01)). Lesion scores decreased significantly over time in all groups. Throughout gestation, Dyn sows had higher lesions overall and a higher incidence of lameness than either Con or Sta sows (p<0.001 and p=0.046, respectively). Although treatment had no effect on hair cortisol concentrations, parity group had a significant effect on concentrations at both timepoints with young sows having the highest concentration and mid parity sows the lowest (p=0.04, p<0.01, respectively).
In conclusion, Con and Sta sows appeared to be more aggressive at mixing while aggression in Dynamic groups appeared to be moderated due to the smaller number of unfamiliar sows introduced at each mixing event. Dyn sows had more lesions and increased lameness overall during gestation suggesting increased chronic aggression for dynamic sows, although the results were not severe enough to impact farrowing rate or litter quality. In conclusion, dynamic mixing may serve as a viable housing alternative for pork producers provided that the management strategies are implemented to mitigate the effects of ongoing aggression.
Description
Keywords
sow, groups, housing, dynamic, static, social status, hierarchy
Citation
Degree
Master of Science (M.Sc.)
Department
Animal and Poultry Science
Program
Animal Science