Browsing by Author "Banniza, S."
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Item Bean quest 2002: the final frontier(2002-02-20) Vandenberg, B.; Walley, F.; Nleya, T.; Banniza, S.; Warkentin, T.; Shirtliffe, S.; McVicar, R.The agronomic, economic and genetic pieces of the jigsaw puzzle for developing a dryland bean industry in Saskatchewan are coming together. In 2002, dryland bean growers in Southeastern Saskatchewan made a profit using new varieties of black and pinto bean. Much of the credit for this goes to the hard work, homework, and perseverance of the crop clubs that have developed around the province in the past few years. The research and development effort of the past 10 years is finally starting to pay dividends in the dry bean sector of the pulse industry. In this paper, we would like to briefly summarize some of the key results of various dry bean research and development projects that have been underway in the past few years.Item Comparison of ground and aerial application of fungicide for control of Ascochyta blight in chickpeas(2005-02-17) Wolf, T.M.; Caldwell, B.C.; Armstrong-Cho, C.; Banniza, S.; Gan, Y.Ascochyta rabiei control from aerial and ground application was assessed near Saskatoon in 2003 and 2004. Each year, a site of about 12 ha was seeded to kabuli (cv. CDC Xena) chickpeas. At the first sign of disease, applications of fungicide were commenced and maintained at approximately 10-day intervals. In 2003, four applications (two with Headline (pyraclostrobin), two with Lance (boscalid)) were conducted. In 2004, the last Lance application was not done. Aerial application was made using a Cessna AgTruck applying 37 L/ha using CP nozzles emitting a spray with a VMD of approximately 271 μm. Ground applications were conducted using a Melroe SpraCoupe applying 100 L/ha using XR8003 nozzles with a VMD of approximately 246 μm. Disease ratings were done throughout the season, and seed yields were taken at crop maturity. Disease incidence progressed to 80 to 90% in the untreated plots, and fungicide application reduced disease incidence (to 20 to 30%) and increased seed yield in both years. Disease incidence and seed yield were not affected by application method in either season.Item Could someone please drain my soils? I want to grow pulses(2016-03-16) Banniza, S.Item Disease management strategies for Ascochyta blight of chickpea(2007-03-01) Armstrong-Cho, C.; Chongo, G.; Gan, Y.; Wolf, T.; Hogg, T.; Banniza, S.Management of chickpea ascochyta blight is a difficult task that requires ongoing attention and utilization of all possible techniques. Starting with clean seed of a resistant cultivar is critical, but even with this sound foundation, fungicide application is often necessary. Optimizing fungicide application strategies in chickpea is essential to protect the crop while simultaneously keeping costs as low as possible. Field experiments showed that early application of fungicide is crucial, and often additional applications were necessary for effective disease management. Of the product sequences tested, those including two strobilurin applications and two other applications during the season gave superior disease control in several cases, but this did not always confer higher yields. Nozzle type had no effect on disease development or yield in any of the field site-years. Similarly in the laboratory study, nozzle types had no effect on the amount of spray coverage or the degree of spray penetration into the crop canopy. A similar laboratory study comparing carrier volumes showed that using a higher carrier volume (>100 L ha-1) improves penetration of a fern leaf-type canopy, but offered no benefit in a unifoliate canopy. In the field, increasing carrier volume did not improve disease control when disease pressure was low to moderate. In some cases under high disease pressure, higher carrier volumes were important for achieving disease control.Item Evaluation of a RAPD marker linked to Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea(2000-02-22) Chowdhury, M.A.; Warkentin, T.; Banniza, S.; Tullu, A.; Vandenberg, A.Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei is a devastating disease of chickpea. Development of resistant cultivars is the most efficient and cost effective control method. The present study was undertaken to determine the inheritance and to identify molecular markers linked to the resistance gene to Ascochyta blight. A F2 derived F3 family developed from a cross of P 1279-2- 1 and ICCV6-3 was inoculated with Ascochyta blight spores to classify the families in to resistant, segregating and susceptible groups. RAPD primers were screened on DNA samples of resistant and susceptible bulks. The RAPD marker, OPH-04680, was tightly linked to a gene for resistance. Three breeding lines (95470, S95425 and 92117-25D) exhibited absence of the marker, OPH-04680, indicating that the r,,l gene responsible for Ascochyta resistance could be present in these lines.Item Evaluation of harvest aids application timing for lentil dry down(2014-03-11) Zhang, T.; Johnson, E.N.; Banniza, S.; Willenborg, C.J.Harvesting stage is a critical step for lentil producers to maintain high seed yield and good quality. Desiccating lentil with desiccants/harvest aids can dry down lentil evenly and quickly, and control late-growing green weeds, which enhances lentil harvest efficiency and allows early harvesting. Since the harvest aids are applied at a late growth stage, high herbicide residue in seeds may cause commercial issues with marketing lentil. Application timing of harvest aids is critical for producers. Improper application timing may reduce yield and thousand seed weight, but increase herbicide residue in seeds. Therefore, the objective of the harvest aids application timing (% seed moisture) trial was to evaluate the responses of lentil to different herbicide application timings at Saskatoon and Scott, Saskatchewan, over 2 years (2012 and 2013). For this trial, glyphosate (900 g a.e. ha-1), saflufenacil (50 g a.i. ha-1), and the combination of glyphosate plus saflufenacil (900 g a.e. ha-1 and 36 g a.i. ha-1) were applied when seed moisture content was 60%, 50%, 40%, 30% and 20%. Apart from these herbicide treatments, there was also an untreated control, which is desiccated naturally. Significant relationships between evaluated variables and application timing on the basis of seed moisture content were detected. Also, this trial indicated that early application timing (60% application seed moisture) could result in reductions in lentil yield and thousand seed weight. Glyphosate residue in seeds was less than 4 mg kg-1 when glyphosate was applied alone at 30% and 20% average seed moisture. Glyphosate residue decreased when adding saflufenacil to glyphosate. Saflufenacil residue consistently increased with earlier application timing of the harvest aids.Item Evaluation of new and existing desiccants in lentil(2014-03-11) Bertholet, E.J.; Banniza, S.; Johnson, E.; Bai, Y.; Willenborg, C.J.Globally, herbicide resistance has become a major challenge for many producers. In western Canada, many lentil (Lens culinaris L.) producers have great difficulty controlling Group 2 resistant biotypes. Two of these problematic weeds, wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and kochia (Kochia scoparia), are particularly challenging for lentil growers and can cause extensive yield loss when not adequately controlled. Desiccation is primarily used to dry down lentil for harvest ease and efficiency but can also be used as a late season control for actively growing weeds. The objective of this project is to evaluate the response of wild mustard and kochia to different herbicides, tank mixed with two different rates of glyphosate (450 g a.e. ha-1 and 900 g a.e. ha-1) at Saskatoon and Scott, Saskatchewan over a 2 year period. Desiccation occurred when the lentil seed moisture content was approximately 30%. Preliminary results are under investigation. Evaluation of seed and plant moisture of the treated plots is ongoing, along with an evaluation of the effects of the treatments on viability and vigour of affected weed seeds.Item Fungicide application timing for management of Ascochyta blight in chickpea(2004-02-19) Armstrong-Cho, C.; Chongo, G.; Gan, Y.; Wolf, T.; Banniza, S.Ascochyta blight of chickpea [Ascochyta rabiei] is an extremely destructive disease capable of causing high yield and quality losses. The disease is widespread in chickpea growing areas of the prairies, and the pathogen can survive in crop debris for several years. Although partially resistant cultivars are available, the disease can still be devastating if weather conditions are favourable, making fungicides an important disease management tool. Trials investigating the effectiveness of different fungicide application timings and sequences were conducted on the desi cv. Myles and the kabuli cv. CDC Yuma at Saskatoon in 2003. The products used included Bravo 500, Headline, and Lance. The first application was made prior to flowering, when disease pressure was still extremely low. Additional applications were made at early flower, mid-flower, late flower or podding, with a maximum of three applications per treatment. In both cultivars, treatments without a pre-flower application of fungicide had higher disease severity and lower yields than treatments with a pre-flower application. Treatments without a pre-flower application that were sprayed three times were still inferior to treatments with a pre-flower application that were only sprayed twice. These results emphasize the need for early and frequent scouting for disease symptoms in chickpea to allow for early fungicide application if it is appropriate.Item Fungicides application timing, sequencing, and tank mixing for controlling blight in chickpea(2003-02-18) Chongo, G.; Banniza, S.; Gan, Y.; Wolf, T.; Warkentin, T.Total crop losses can result from ascochyta blight on chickpea (caused by Ascochyta rabiei). A study was conducted to investigate effective fungicide application strategies in particular fungicide application timing as well as product choices, sequencing and mixtures for blight control. In addition, this study is expected to provide information on resistance management through fungicide rotations, mixtures or sequences. Fungicide trials were conducted in Saskatoon and Swift Current using Bravo 500, Quadris, Headline, BAS510 and Dithane in various sequences or tank mixes on cultivars Myles and CDC Yuma. Only Bravo 500 is registered on chickpea. Quadris had emergency registration in 2002. Applications were timed at the seedling stage, pre-flower, early-flower, late-flower and the podding stages. These results relate to the trial at Swift Current. Cultivar CDC Yuma developed higher infection levels than Myles. The level of disease control by each fungicide treatment was dependent on cultivar. The above average rainfall in Swift Current increased the level of blight severity and consequently it required several sprays especially on cultivar CDC Yuma to protect the crop. Cool wet weather towards the end of the season also delayed maturity and affected yield and seed quality. Disease severity was 97% and 82% in the untreated plots of CDC Yuma and Myles, respectively. In treated plots, it ranged from 13-50% in Myles and 15-96% in CDC Yuma. The yields varied from 434 to1956 kg/ha for CDC Yuma and 1430 to 2627 kg/ha for Myles. When spraying started before symptoms (per calender sprays with five applications), the high rate of Dithane at 2.44 kg a.i./ha reduced disease severity and increased yield more than the low rate of Dithane at 1.68kg a.i./ha. Sequencing Headline and Dithane in the per calender spray was better than per calender sprays with Dithane alone on both cultivars. However, per calender spray with a high rate of Dithane alone compared well with some treatments which included Headline or Quadris on Myles. Almost all other sequences were effective on Myles, but on CDC Yuma the most effective were those that included mostly Headline and in some cases Quadris. In general, at least three sprays to Myles and most treatments with at least four sprays to CDC Yuma reduced blight to less than 50% and also increased yields by up to 84% in Myles and up to 351% in CDC Yuma. The results suggest that there could be a range of different fungicides and sequences one might use to adequately protect chickpea, but this will depend on the registration of products other than Bravo 500.Item Genetic improvement of chickpea for western Canada(2003-02-18) Warkentin, T.; Vandenberg, B.; Banniza, S.; Bett, K.; Chongo, G.; Tullu, A.; Tar’an, B.; Lulsdorf, M.; Anbessa, Y.; Ball, R.The chickpea crop has experienced a roller-coaster ride over the past decade in western Canada. Production rose rapidly in the late 1990’s, followed by dramatic declines in the past two years. Instability can be attributed to many factors including commodity prices, erratic weather patterns, Ascochyta blight and late maturity. This paper summarizes current research on genetic improvement of chickpea at the University of Saskatchewan, with particular emphasis on efforts to improve Ascochyta blight resistance and to develop varieties with earlier maturity. Under ‘average’ weather conditions, chickpea remains an excellent nitrogen-fixing crop for the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones.Item Genetic study of Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea and lentil(2002-02-20) Tar’an, B.; Buchwaldt, L.; Breitkreutz, C.; Tullu, A.; Warkentin, T.; Banniza, S.; Vandenberg, A.Ascochyta blight is responsible for severe crop losses in most chickpea and lentil production areas around the world. The research was conducted to study the genetic basis for Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea and lentil by means of QTL analysis, and PCR-based approaches to identify resistance gene analogues (RGA) sequences in the lentil genome. An AFLP and three SSR markers were linked to the gene(s) for Ascochyta resistance in a chickpea population derived from a cross between CDC Chico and CDC Marengo. Two QTL that explained 36 % and 29 % of the disease reaction variability were identified in a lentil RI population derived from a cross between ILL5588 and L692-16-1. These markers were converted into SCAR markers to simplify their use for marker-assisted selection.Item Increase of Mycosphaerella blight in field pea through plant injury(2000-02-22) Banniza, S.; Vandenberg, A.Mycosphaerella blight, caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes, is a major constraint to field pea production in the prairies. Controlling the disease by developing better genetic resistance is a major goal of field pea breeding programs around the world. There are no major resistant genes to this disease and breeding relies on incremental increases in tolerance through hybridization and selection of material with slightly improved tolerance. Disease incidence and severity appear to be promoted by plant injury, caused, for example, by heavy thunder storms or hail during the growing season. Experiments were conducted at the Crop Development Center to quantify the effect of plant injury on disease development. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of exploiting plant injury as a tool to develop screening techniques for disease nurseries without irrigation and under low rain incidences.Item Moving pulse crop breeding into the 21st century(2016-03-16) Bett, K.; Warkentin, T.; Tar’an, B.; Vandenberg, B.; Banniza, S.Item Plant genomics in lentil breeding: development of a cDNA-based rapid screening method for Ascochyta blight resistance in lentil (Lens culinaris L.)(2003-02-18) Vijayan, P.; Warkentin, T.; Banniza, S.; Vandenberg, A.Ascochyta blight causes severe crop losses in temperate lentil production areas around the world, including Saskatchewan. At present there is no reliable system available to breeders for identifying blight resistant lentil lines. We are trying to develop a reliable, high throughput and low cost cDNA based system for screening lentil germplasm for polygenic resistance to Ascochyta blight. We have chosen the Ascochyta blight susceptible lentil variety Richlea and the closely related resistant breeding line 1156-2-17A for this study. Lentil plants were inoculated with spore suspensions of Ascochyta under conditions that clearly showed the difference in disease resistance between these lines. Tissue collected from resistant and susceptible lines at different times after inoculation will be used for extraction of total RNA–representing all the genes expressed by the plants in response to Ascochyta infection. Complementary DNA (cDNA) made from these RNA samples along with mock-inoculated controls will be visualized on poly acrylamide gels using the technique of ‘differential display’. We intend to identify the sequences of lentil genes expressed only by the resistant lines in response to Ascochyta infection and use them for developing molecular markers for the resistance trait. cDNA samples made from these plants will also be useful in developing a cDNA library of lentil tissue for future EST projects.Item Red lentil production in Saskatchewan: Y not 2K?(2000-02-22) Vandenberg, A.; Nleya, T.; Gan, Y.; Kutcher, H.R.; Banniza, S.; Buchwaldt, L.; Warkentin, T.Item Resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches infection in wild lentil species(2018-03-06) Caudillo-Ruiz, K.; Banniza, S.Item Revisiting strategies for breeding anthracnose resistance in lentil: the case with wild species(2003-02-18) Tullu, A.; Lulsdorf, M.; Fiala, J.; Barlow, B.; Breitkreutz, C.; McHale, S.; Banniza, S.; Buchwaldt, L.; Sarker, A.; Tar’an, B.; Warkentin, T.; Vandenberg, B.Breeders at the Crop Development Centre (CDC) have up to now only used germplasm resources available in the cultivated lentil to develop new varieties with resistance to diseases. Based on recent studies, the available cultivated germplasm does not offer sufficient genetic variation for resistance to anthracnose and ascochyta diseases. Lentil crop is attacked by two major diseases (anthracnose and ascochyta) that can cause 100% loss in the worst scenarios. Since anthracnose is only a major lentil disease in North America, no work has been done to improve resistance to this disease elsewhere. Wild species of many crops are known to carry many disease resistance genes lacking in the cultivated crop. We began the search for anthracnose resistance in the six wild species of lentil (world collection), of which two can be easily crossed with the cultivated type. Two strains of anthracnose (race 1 and race 2) with varying degrees of virulence were reported. The 2002 field data suggested that some of the Lens ervoides and Lens lamottei accessions exhibited no lesions at all when exposed to the combination of the two anthracnose strains. The cultivated types that show resistance to the less virulent strain were severely affected by anthracnose. In the greenhouse study the wild species were inoculated with the two strains separately and results indicate that no accession is immune to the more virulent type. However, some of the L. ervoides and L. lamottei accessions had good resistance compared to their cultivated counterparts. As a long term strategy, the lentil breeding program at CDC, University of Saskatchewan has a goal of fully utilizing the available resistance sources. However, these two species cannot be easily crossed with the cultivated types using the conventional/manual crossing techniques. A tissue culture procedure involving embryo rescue is used to facilitate crossing. We have been able to successfully rescue some embryos from crosses with Lens ervoides. The hybrid plants produce some fertile seeds which will be evaluated for resistance to both anthracnose and ascochyta. The selected resistant lines will then be backcrossed to the adopted backgrounds in order to deploy resistance genes.Item Sclerotinia stem rot control in small-seeded lentil production in the Black Soil Zone(2001-02-22) Banniza, S.; Kutcher, H.R.; Vandenberg, A.Lentil production in the black soil zone is limited by the susceptibility of the crop to diseases such as sclerotinia stem rot. The objective of this project was to determine stem rot control strategies in small-seeded lentil by examining the impact of plant density, cultivar, fungicide treatment and timing of application on stem rot severity and yield. The relationship between flower petal infection and stem rot severity was also examined. Randomized complete block field experiments of three replicates were established at Rosthern and Melfort, SK and assessed for flower petal infection, disease severity and yield in 2000. Results of this single year of data indicated that fungicides reduced stem rot severity at both locations but increased yield only at Melfort, where later timing of application resulted in greater yield than early. Stem rot severity varied with cultivar however the cultivar with the greatest severity also had the greatest yield. Plant density had no effect on stem rot severity, but the lower plant density resulted in lower yield than the higher plant density. Flower petal infection was positively correlated with final disease rating only at Rosthern.Item What in the soil is going on with prairie field pea production?(2015-03-17) Banniza, S.; Phelps, S.; Doggen-Bouchard, F.