Browsing by Author "Kirkland, K.J."
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Item Alternative seeding dates for herbicide tolerant (HT) transgenic canola(1997-02-20) Kirkland, K.J.; Johnson, E.N.Item A comparison of herbicides to control wild oats in wheat(1980-02-18) Kirkland, K.J.Item Conserving crop residue for erosion protection on summerfallow(1991-02-21) Brandt, S.A.; Kirkland, K.J.Conserving crop residues on the soil surface has proven to be one of the most effective means of controlling wind erosion on summerfallow. Tillage practices are constantly changing and some recent trends have given rise to concern over their effect on wind erosion; namely the widespread use of mounted harrows on cultivators and use of higher tillage speeds. Results of these studies suggest that both practices decrease residue conservation on summerfallow. Use of mounted harrows deceased residue conservation by approximately 50 % compared with cultivators alone. Similarly, increasing tillage speeds from 5 to 10 to 15 km/h decreased residue conservation to approximately 50 and 30 %, respectively, of that conserved at 5 km/h. Depth of tillage had little effect on residue conservation after 2 operations but deeper tillage significantly reduced residues in subsequent operations. Where herbicides were substituted for tillage operations, both total and anchored residues increased as the number of tillage operations replaced was decreased. These results indicate that elimination of mounted harrows would have a very substantial impact on wind erosion. Where weed control needs to be enhanced, occasional use of trailed rod weeder attachments would be preferred. Reducing tillage speeds and minimizing depths of operation would also be beneficial. Where initial residue levels are, low, substituting herbicides for some or all tillage operations will likely be required to provide adequate protection.Item Cruiciferae weed control in canola through the use of triazine resistant varieties(1982-02-18) Kirkland, K.J.Item Defining optimum herbicide rate and timing for wild oat control in spring wheat(1999-02-25) Holm, F.A.; Kirkland, K.J.; Stevenson, F.C.Field trials were conducted at Scott and Saskatoon, SK from 1994 through 1997 to determine the optimum rate and timing for five post-emergent herbicides used to control wild oat in spring wheat. The herbicides tested were clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-P, flamprop, imazamethabenz and tralkoxydim. Herbicides were applied at the recommended label rate, 0.67 times or 0.33 times the recommended rate at the 2-, 4- or 6-leaf stages of wild oat. Wild oat infestation was moderate to heavy at Saskatoon and light to moderate at Scott.Item Effect of application time, carrier pH, carrier volume, and rate on Tralkoxydim activity on wild oat (Averza fatua)(1998-02-19) Kirkland, K.J.; Holm, F.A.; Johnson, E.M.Field studies were conducted from 1994 to 1997 at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Farm, Scott, Saskatchewan, and Crop Science Dept., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Tralkoxydim was applied to wild oats in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) at; two application times, 11:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m.; two carrier pH levels, 8.0 and 4.0; three water volumes, 100, 50 and 30 litres per hectare and four rates, 100, 75, 50 and 25% of recommended (200 g / ha). Wild oat populations were heavy at Saskatoon in 1994 and 1995 and light to moderate in 1996 and 1997 and light to moderate at Scott in all years. At Scott. 9:00 p.m. application compared to 11:00 a.m. reduced wild oat biomass significantly in all years with reductions ranging from 26 to 80%. This suggests that the high intensity of UV light present at midday may reduce the effectiveness of tralkoxydim. Reducing carrier pH from 8.0 to 4.0 produced reductions in wild oat biomass in three of 4 years with reductions ranging from 40 to 76%. The interaction, time X carrier pH was significant for wild oat biomass in all years and wheat yields in one year. Late evening application combined with reduced carrier pH was the most effective. At Saskatoon, time of application and carrier pH had no influence on wild oat biomass or wheat yields although trends toward a reduction in total biomass with reduced carrier pH were noted in all years. Reduced carrier volume decreased efficacy in seven of 8 site years and was particularly evident when carrier volume was reduced to 30 l/ha. Wheat yields declined nine and 14% at Scott and Saskatoon, respectively when tralkoxydim carrier volume was reduced from 100 to 30 l/ha. Reducing the tralkoxydim rate to 75% of recommended had no effect on wild oat biomass in seven of 8 site years. Further reductions to 50 or 25% of recommended resulted in significant increases in wild oat biomass and reductions in wheat yields.Item The effect of management practices in a continuous wheat rotation on weed populations(1987-02-19) Kirkland, K.J.; Brandt, S.A.A five-year field study was conducted at five locations in west central and north west Saskatchewan to determine the effect of cropping practices on weed populations in a continuous wheat rotation. Fall tillage, normal stubble height, tall stubble, and varying fertility levels (N and P) did not directly influence populations of grassy and broad-leaved weeds. In general, there was no significant differences between the herbicide combinations on grassy and broad-leaved weed populations at any of the five sites. Diclofop methyl (Hoegrass) applied as a tank mix with bromoxynil (Torch) or as a separate application with chlorsulfuron (Glean) or Bromoxynil/MCPA (Buctril M) and Triallate (Avadex BW) applied in the fall, followed by 2,4-D amine in the spring all reduced weed populations significantly. Yield increases from the application of Hoegrass plus Glean, Hoegrass/Torch, Hoegrass plus Buctril M and Avadex + 2,4-D were 21, 22, 19, and 15 % respectively.Item Effect of management practices on stubble yields of wheat(1984-02-13) Brandt, S.A.; Kirkland, K.J.Item Effect of managment practices in a continuous wheat rotation on crop yields(1987-02-19) Brandt, S.A.; Kirkland, K.J.Item The efficacy, residue, and future for triazine herbicides in Canola(1984-02-13) Kirkland, K.J.Item The influence of fall and spring herbicide application on winter wheat(1988-02-19) Derksen, D.A.; Kirkland, K.J.; Ashford, R.A.; Hunter, J.H.; Bowren, K.E.; McLennon, B.R.; Loeppky, H.A.The use of 2,4-D for fall control of winter annuals weeds in winter wheat is recommended in the Canadian prairies but not in other winter wheat production areas. Field research was conducted for two years at several locations using 2,4-0, MCPA, dicamba, dicamba plus 2,4-D, bromoxynil, bromoxynil plus MCPA, chlorsulfuron and clopyralid applied fall and spring. Recommended and double recommended rates were tested to establish the existence of a safety margin. Norstar winter wheat was tolerant to fall applications of all herbicides when applied at recommended rates, however, grain yield was reduced at the double rate with 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil, bromoxynil plus MCPA and clopyralid in some station years. Norstar was tolerant to spring applications of all herbicides except MCPA and clopyralid in several station years. Herbicides tested show promise for use in winter wheat production. Caution is warranted for spring application of MCPA and clopyralid.Item Late fall and early spring seeding of herbicide tolerant canola(1998-02-19) Johnson, E.N.; Kirkland, K.J.; Gusta, L.V.Item Maximum economic yield as related to weed populations and herbicide use(1988-02-19) Kirkland, K.J.Economic threshold levels and relative time of emergence for numerous common grassy and broad-leaved weed species in small grains will be discussed. The importance of understanding; weed species present, control options available and proper application timing are presented as essential elements in achieving maximum economic yield. Recent research results on the role of adjuvants, ammonium sulfate, water volumes and droplet sizes in improving control and reducing costs will be reviewed.Item Seeding depth and triallate for semi-hard and hard red spring wheats(1989-02-16) Kirkland, K.J.; Brandt, S.A.The depth of seeding study was conducted with Hy-320, Hy-355 , Line-912 and Neepawa wheats sown at depths of 2.5, 5.0, 7. 5, and 10.0 cm. Depth of seeding significantly affected all variables measured except bushel weight. There were no variety × depth interactions indicating that all varieties reacted the same to seeding depth. In general deeper seeding delayed emergence and maturity and reduced the number of plants. Maximum plant stand in the presence of triallate occurred at the 5.0 cm. depth with triallate-applied pre-emergent incorporated. When applied pre-plant incorporated, the presence of triallate reduced plant stands as seeding depth increased. There was no differential varietal responses to triallate.Item Yield of continuous spring wheat with several combinations of stubble, weed control, and fertility management(1991-02-21) Brandt, S.A.; Kirkland, K.J.Studies to evaluate stubble management, weed control, and fertility treatments applied in combination in a continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation were conducted over a seven year period (1983-89) at Scott, Lashburn and Loon Lake and over a four year period (1983-86) at Kindersley and Mervin. Leaving stubble standing overwinter at either a normal swathing height or with strips of taller stubble as snow-traps gave yields equal to or significantly greater than fall tillage. Use of herbicides for control of broad-leaved and grassy weeds generally increased yield as did application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Yields were increased from 910 to 1970 at Scott; 1300 to 2450 at Lashburn; 940 to 1600 at Loon Lake; 1150 to 2420 at Kindersley; and from 1920 to 2920 at Mervin where herbicides and fertilizers were applied in combination with tall stubble compared with no herbicide or fertilizer application. The occurrence and nature of interactions between factors suggest a need to conduct more studies to evaluate interactions of cropping system components. In developing sustainable crop production systems it is likely that improved efficiencies will arise from development and manipulation of entire cropping systems rather than individual components.