Moisture Content and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Waste Pellets for Fuel and/or Water Remediation Applications
Date
2023
Authors
Anisimov, Yuriy A.
Steiger, Bernd
Cree, Duncan
Wilson, Lee
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Publisher
MDPI
ORCID
Type
Article
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Abstract
The current research is focused on the mutual comparison (mechanical properties, response to humidity) of agro-waste composite materials. The purpose of this work is directed at the valorization of agro-waste biomass products and to investigate their mechanical stability for transport or other applications (in dry and wet states). Three different types of agro-waste (oat hull (Oh), torrefied wheat straw (S), and spent coffee grounds (SCG)) were blended with kaolinite (K) and chitosan (CHT) at variable weight ratios to yield ternary composites. Mechanical properties were represented by measuring hardness (in compression mode) and elastic modulus (under tension mode). Young’s (elastic) modulus was measured both for dried and hydrated samples. The pelletized materials were prepared in two forms: crosslinked (CL) with epichlorohydrin and non-crosslinked (NCL). The hardness of the Oh pellets was poor (75 N) and decreased by four times with greater agro-waste content, while crosslinking affected the hardness only slightly. S pellets had the highest level of hardness at 40% agro-waste content (160 N), with a concomitant decrease to 120 N upon crosslinking. SCG pellets had the least change in hardness for both CL and NCL specimens (105–120 N). The trends of Young’s modulus were similar to hardness. Hydration caused the elastic modulus to decrease ca. 100-fold. In general, S and SCG composites exhibit the greatest hardness and Young’s modulus compared to Oh composites (CL or NCL) in their dry state.
Description
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
Keywords
density, Young's modulus, chitosan, kaolinite, pellets, ternary composites, tensile tests, hardness
Citation
Anisimov, Y.A.; Steiger, B.G.K.; Cree, D.E.;Wilson, L.D. Moisture Content and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Waste Pellets for Fuel and/orWater Remediation Applications. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcs7030100
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Citation
Anisimov, Y.A.; Steiger, B.G.K.; Cree, D.E.;Wilson, L.D. Moisture Content and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Waste Pellets for Fuel and/orWater Remediation Applications. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcs7030100
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DOI
10.3390/ jcs7030100