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Item The Changing Hydrology of Lhù’ààn Mǟn - Kluane Lake - under Past and Future Climates and Glacial Retreat(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2018) Loukili, Youssef; Pomeroy, John W.The goal of this report is to estimate the variability and changes in the lake levels of Kluane Lake over the historical period and into the future climates of the 21st C, with and without the Kaskawulsh Glacier contribution. The study diagnoses the causes of variability of lake levels in the past and evaluates the impact of deglaciation on lake levels in the future in the context of climate change. The methods use a combination of weather data from observations and global climate models to drive a detailed glacio-hydrological prediction model, which calculates streamflows in the Slims River and other inflows to Kluane Lake, lake evaporation and outflows and then the lake level. Historical Kluane Lake levels during the 20th C and future lake levels under global warming projections for the rest of the 21st C were predicted - with and without the Kaskawulsh Glacier contribution to the Slims River. The Canadian glacio-hydrological water prediction model MESH, which couples the Canadian Land Surface Scheme with both surface and subsurface runoff on slopes and river routing, was used to model the hydrology of the Kluane Lake Basin for these predictions. The adjacent gauged Duke River Basin was also included in the model to provide opportunities to evaluate the model performance in this region against gauged streamflows. Model parameterisations of topography, land cover, glacier cover, soil type and runoff directions were made and used to set up the model on various sub-basins flowing into Kluane Lake, including the Slims River Basin. The results drawn from this study are intended to answer important questions posed by Kluane First Nation of Burwash Landing, residents of Destruction Bay and surrounding areas and Yukon Government on the history and the future of Kluane Lake levels. Furthermore, the study will help inform water management and infrastructure design around Kluane Lake, and other environmental and aquatic conservation and adaptation efforts in the region. While the models employed here represent the “state-of-the-art”, there is uncertainty in the predictions. This uncertainty could be reduced in future prediction efforts by resuming Kluane River discharge measurements, which were discontinued in 1994.Item Climate Change in Canadian Floodplain Mapping Assessments(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2020) Rajulapati, Chandra Rupa; Tesemma, Zelalem; Shook, Kevin; Papalexiou, Simon Michael; Pomeroy, John W.In the recent decades, precipitation patterns and corresponding streamflow responses in many cold regions catchments have changed considerably due to warming. Understanding historical changes and predicting future responses are of great importance for planning and management of water resources systems. Regional climate simulations using convention- permitting models are helpful in representing the fine-scale cloud and mesoscale processes, which are critical for understanding the physical mechanisms that cause in convective precipitation. From a hydrological perspective, these fine resolution simulations are helpful in understanding the runoff generation mechanisms, particularly for mountainous watersheds, which have high spatial variation in precipitation due to large differences in elevation over small distances. The sister-study of this report, the Bow River Basin Study (BRBS), used a physically based hydrological land surface scheme along with a water management model, coupled with a high resolution convention- permitting atmospheric regional model (Weather Research and Forecasting, WRF) to understand the streamflow generating mechanisms and identify the changes in streamflow responses of the Bow and Elbow River Basins. The coupled model appears to provide a large improvement in predictability, with minimal calibration of parameters and without bias correction of forcing from the atmospheric model. The model4 was able to provide reliable estimates of streamflows, despite the complex topography in the catchment. Using the WRF Pseudo Global Warming (PGW) scenario, estimated future streamflows simulated were then used to develop projected flow exceedance curves. The uncertainty in the simulations is extremely helpful in the risk assessment for downstream flood inundations. However, the uncertainty in streamflows cannot be assessed as the WRF- PGW dataset was only available for a single realization, because of the high computational cost. The research presented in this report focusses instead on using the highly efficient hydrological model developed and verified in BRBS whilst assessing uncertainty using another regional climate model, the CanRCM4, where many realizations are available for different boundary conditions. Since the CanRCM4 simulations have a relatively low resolution, a novel methodology was developed to adjust regional climate model outputs using the WRF-PGW data. An ensemble of 15 CanRCM4 simulations was used to force the Bow River basin model to determine a measure of the uncertainty in the simulated streamflows, and the projected streamflow exceedance probability curves. These curves are extremely useful for risk assessment for downstream flood inundations. Given the importance of understanding how much extreme precipitation will change in urban areas of the basin, where short duration high intensity events cause flash flooding, frequency analysis of these events was carried out for Calgary and Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) curves were developed. A ready-to-use empirical form of IDF curve has been proposed from this analysis for the City of Calgary. The results from the WRF-PGW modelling indicated that future high flow, low frequency (exceedances less than 10%) streamflow events will decrease compared to those under the current climate condition by 4, 9 and 1.6 m3/s for the Bow River at Banff and Calgary and Elbow River at Sarcee Bridge respectively. The average of the 15 new CanRCM4-WRF-PGW results supports the above result with some greater decreases in streamflow of 9, 16 and 4 m3/s for Bow River at Banff and Calgary and Elbow River at Sarcee Bridge respectively. However, there were some CanRCM4-WRF-PGW realisations that suggested substantial increases in future low frequency streamflow from those indicated by the average CanRCM4- WRF-PGW-drive MESH model. The below average, high frequency (exceedances greater than 30%) future streamflows will increase modestly in all gauging locations by from 1 to 12.5 m3/s. The results of the extreme precipitation analysis at Calgary indicated an increase in future extreme precipitation events of all duration and return periods. On an average an increase of 1.5 times is noted for short return periods (=2, 5), and an increase of 4 times for long return periods (=500, 1000).Item Development of a Snowmelt Runoff Model for the Lower Smoky River(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2013) Pomeroy, John W.; Shook, Kevin; Fang, Xing; Brown, Tom; Marsh, ChristopherThe Smoky River tributary of the Peace River has an ungauged (in real-time) basin area of 23,769 km2, corresponding to 46% of its basin area of 51,839 km2 . The purpose of this study was to develop a model to simulate the daily spring ungauged flows of the Smoky River and its main tributary, the Little Smoky River for recent periods using measured meteorological data and forecast periods using the outputs of a numerical weather forecast model. A physically-based model of the ungauged local flows contributing to the Smoky River at Watino and the Little Smoky River at Guy, the Lower Smoky River Model (LSRM), was developed using the CRHM platform. The model was deployed to 26 ungauged sub-basins, from which discharges were routed and accumulated to produce the ungauged discharges at Guy and Watino. The LSRM modelled discharge was evaluated to estimate the discharge of the Smoky River and Little Smoky River in an operational setting with measured meteorological observations. Results from this comparison were very good with a high degree of hydrograph predictability, small bias in flow estimation, and very good prediction of peak daily discharge and excellent prediction of the timing of peak daily discharge. The results were somewhat better for the Smoky River than for the Little Smoky River, showing the effect of increasing basin size in compensating for inadequate precipitation observation density and/or errors in model structure or parameterization. The model has not yet been tested in an operational setting during a spring snowmelt event and its full capabilities and usefulness cannot be assessed until it has been tested in such a setting.Item Diagnosis of Historical and Future Flow Regimes of the Bow River at Calgary Using a Dynamically Downscaled Climate Model and a Physically Based Land Surface Hydrological Model : Final Report(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2020) Tesemma, Zelalem; Shook, Kevin; Princz, Daniel; Razavi, Saman; Davison, Bruce; Li, Yanping; Pietroniro, Alain; Pomeroy, John W.; wheater, howardThis report assesses the impacts of projected climate change on the hydrology, including the flood frequencies, of the Bow and Elbow Rivers above Calgary, Alberta. It reports on investigations of the effects of projected climate change on the runoff mechanisms for the Bow and Elbow River basins, which are important mountain headwaters in Alberta, Canada. The study developed a methodology and applied a case study for incorporating climate change into flood frequency estimates that can be applied to a variety of river basins across Canada.Item Global Water Futures Observatories : a solutions oriented network of world class observation sites and laboratories(2024-03) DeBeer, ChrisGlobal Water Futures Observatories vision, principles of operation, and Priority Research Support Directions 2023-2029.Item Hydrology and Water Resources of Saskatchewan(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2005) Pomeroy, John; de Boer, Dirk; Martz, Lawrence W.There is little in the natural environment, economy and society of Saskatchewan that is not intimately tied to and sustained by the flow and storage of water. Nowhere else in Canada does the lack or excess of water cause such widespread concern, nor are there many Canadian environments subject to greater seasonal change in precipitation and surface-water storage. Most major landforms of Saskatchewan were created by the deposition and erosion of sediments and rock by water and ice during the glacial and immediate postglacial periods. Saskatchewan’s contemporary hydrology determines the type and location of natural vegetation, soils, agriculture, communities and commerce. However, the scarcity, seasonality and unpredictability of the province’s water resources have proved critical impediments to the productivity of natural ecosystems and to sustainable settlement and economic activity. The hydrology of Saskatchewan is marked by several distinctive characteristics that govern the behaviour of water as a resource in the province (Gray, 1970): i) The extreme variability of precipitation and runoff results in frequent water shortages and excesses with respect to natural and human storage capacities and demand. ii) The seasonality of water supply is manifest in fall and winter by the storage of water as snow, and lake and ground ice, in early spring by rapid snowmelt resulting in most runoff, and in late spring and early summer by much of the annual rainfall. iii) The aridity and gentle topography result in poorly developed, disconnected and sparse drainage systems, and surface runoff that is both infrequent and spatially restricted. iv) The land cover and soils exert an inordinate control on hydrological processes because of small precipitation inputs and limited energy for evaporation and snowmelt. v) The flows in the major rivers of the southern half of the province are largely derived from the foothills and mountains in Alberta. In dry years, arable agriculture can fail over large parts of the province, whilst in wet years, flooding has caused widespread damage to rural and urban infrastructure. Climate change may increase the incidence of both drought and flooding, with earlier spring thaws and increased interannual and interseasonal variability of temperature and precipitation (Covich et al., 1997; Cutforth et al., 1999, Herrington et al., 1997). Changes to the seasonal timing of precipitation can have very severe effects on agriculture and ecosystems; runoff to water bodies and replenishment of groundwater are primarily supplied by spring snowmelt, growth of cereal grains is related to the quantity of rainfall falling between May and early July, maturing and timely harvesting of crops are dependent upon warm dry weather in mid to late summer, and spring runoff is governed by soil moisture reserves in the preceding fall and snowfall the preceding winter (de Jong and Kachanoski, 1987). Saskatchewan’s water resources are vulnerable, as there is little local runoff to the single greatest water resource of the southern prairies, the South Saskatchewan River, which derives overwhelmingly from the Rocky Mountains. Water supplies in the Alberta portion of the South Saskatchewan River system are approaching full apportionment in dry years and the uncertainty imposed by climate change impacts on runoff generation in the mountains makes managing the river increasing difficult. Local water bodies (streams, sloughs, dugouts) are fed by groundwater or small surface drainages, and little runoff is provided by most land surfaces within the ‘topographic catchment’. The effect of soils and vegetation on Saskatchewan hydrology is profound because of the interaction of snow, evaporation and vegetation. In the southern Prairies, water applied from rain or snowmelt to summer-fallowed fields contributes inordinately to runoff, whereas continuously cropped fields, grasses and trees undergo greater infiltration to soils and hence greater evaporation. In the North, evergreen forest canopy and root structures promote infiltration of rainfall or snowmelt to soils and subsequent evaporation. There is much greater runoff and streamflow in boreal forest drainage basins with large cleared areas. This chapter will discuss the key physical aspects of Saskatchewan’s hydrology and water resources, focussing on its drainage basins and the contribution of runoff to streams and lakes within them, its major rivers and their flows, water supply pipelines and river diversions, prairie hydrology, boreal forest hydrology, groundwater and an assessment of the future. Because of its sub-humid, cold region hydrology and low population, water quality concerns in Saskatchewan are primarily related to algal growth in dugouts, and a few cases of contaminated groundwater or immediate downstream effects from sewage outflows, rather than widespread diffuse-source pollution; this chapter will therefore focus on water quantity rather than quality.Item Impacts of Climate Change on Saskatchewan’s Water Resources(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2009) Pomeroy, John; Fang, Xing; Williams, BrandonThe purposes of this report are two-fold, i) documenting the expected impacts of climate change on Saskatchewan's water resources, ii) outlining the options for adaptation of water resource management practices, policies and infrastructure to minimize the risk associated with the impacts of climate change. Prairie province hydrology is dominated by cold regions processes so that snowmelt is the primary hydrological event of the year for both the major rivers that derive from the Rocky Mountains and small streams and rivers that arise in Saskatchewan. Climate change impacts on water resources are therefore focussed on changes to snow accumulation, snowmelt and infiltration to frozen soils. Climate change scenarios suggest generally warmer and wetter winters for Saskatchewan. Large scale hydrological models that take these scenarios into account suggest changes in the annual streamflow of the South Saskatchewan River ranging from an 8% increase to a 22% decrease, with an 8.5% decrease being an average prediction. Small scale hydrological models for prairie streams suggest a 24% increase in spring runoff by 2050 followed by a 37% decrease by 2080 is possible as the winter snowcover becomes discontinuous. Both model results suggest that there is not a dramatic drying of the prairies to be anticipated under climate change and that in some cases streamflow will increase for certain scenarios and under moderate degrees of climate change. For the major rivers draining from Alberta into Saskatchewan, more efficient water use for irrigation or a reduction in irrigated acreage in Alberta could compensate for the reduced water availability, which is due mainly to reduced mountain snowmelt. Current minimum tillage and continuous cropping systems are resilient for most climate changes to agricultural water resources. Initially there will be increases in prairie runoff but as climate change progresses later in the 21st C there will be dramatic drops in runoff and the flow of small streams to wetlands and depressions and to small prairie rivers. Infrastructure will have difficulty keeping up with this level of change unless agricultural land management is used to compensate for changes in hydrology. New crop varieties and tillage methods which are able to leave some water for runoff to natural ecosystems will need to be devised. Drainage of wetlands may have to be reversed to limit high spring streamflows and wetland/lake levels. Integrated basin management of the South Saskatchewan River across both Alberta and Saskatchewan and for smaller watersheds in Saskatchewan is the preferred adaptation method for dealing with these uncertainties. Integrated basin management plans with apportionment powers, enforceable land use controls and agricultural management incentives will need to be 2 implemented to deal with rapid changes and increased uncertainties in water management designs. In all cases the uncertainties in the model outputs and driving hydrometeorological data for current simulations make recommending adaptation measures very difficult as the range of predictions is from a decrease to an increase in available streamflow compared to current estimates. It is imperative that the scientific basis of these hydrological models be improved so that there is reduced uncertainty in model predictions. The current climate and water resources available in the headwater basins are themselves uncertain and need to be better quantified to permit more reliable comparisons of future climate and water resource predictions with the current situation.Item Improving and Testing the Prairie Hydrological Model at Smith Creek Research Basin(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2014) Pomeroy, John W.; Shook, Kevin; Fang, Xing; Dumanski, Stacey; Westbrook, Cherie; Brown, TomThe 2010 Prairie Hydrological Model configuration of the Cold Regions Hydrological Model was developed to include improved snowmelt and evaporation physics and a hysteretic relationship between wetland storage and runoff contributing area. The revised model was used to simulate the snow regimes on and the streamflow runoff from the five sub-basins and main basin of Smith Creek, Saskatchewan for six years (2007-2013) with good performance when compared to field observations. Smith Creek measured streamflows over this period included the highest annual flow volume on record (2011) and high flows from heavy summer rains in 2012. Smith Creek basin has undergone substantial drainage from 1958 when it contained 96 km2 of wetlands covering 24% of the basin area to the existing (2008 measurement) 43 km2 covering 11% of the basin. The Prairie Hydrological Model was run over the 2007-2013 period for various wetland extent scenarios that included the 1958 historical maximum, measured extents in 2000 and 2008, a minimum extent that excluded drainage of conservation lands and an extreme minimum extent involving complete drainage of all wetlands in Smith Creek basin. Overall, Smith Creek total flow volumes over six years increase 55% due to drainage of wetlands from the current (2008) state, and decrease 26% with restoration to the 1958 state. This sensitivity in flow volume to wetland change is crucially important for the water balance of downstream water bodies such as Lake Winnipeg. Whilst the greatest proportional impacts on the peak daily flows are for dry years, substantial impacts on the peak daily discharge of record (2011) from wetland drainage (+78%) or restoration (-32%) are notable and important for infrastructure in and downstream of Smith Creek. For the flood of record (2011), the annual flow volume and the peak daily discharge are estimated to increase from 57,317 to 81,227 dam3 and from 19.5 to 27.5 m3 /s, respectively, due to wetland drainage that has already occurred in Smith Creek. Although Smith Creek is already heavily drained and its streamflows have been impacted, the annual flow volumes and peak daily discharge for the flood of record can still be strongly increased by complete drainage from the 2008 wetland state, rising to 103,669 dam3 and 49 m3 /s respectively. This model simulation exercise shows that wetland drainage can increase annual and peak daily flows substantially, and that notable increases to estimates of the annual volume and peak daily flow of the flood of record have derived from wetland drainage and will proceed with further wetland drainage.Item Informing the Vermilion River Watershed Plan through Application of the Cold Regions Hydrological Model Platform(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2012) Pomeroy, John W.; Fang, Xing; Shook, Kevin; Westbrook, Cherie; Brown, TomThe Vermilion River Basin has been identified as one of most altered basins in the North Saskatchewan River Basin by the North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance. Of all the basin altering activities, wetland drainage is thought to be the most important one in impacting watershed hydrology. The Cold Regions Hydrological Model (CRHM) has had recent developments that make it particularly appropriate to evaluate the impacts of Canadian Prairie wetlands on hydrology. In light of the importance of wetlands in the Vermilion River Basin and the capability of CRHM, this study had five objectives: 1) Setup CRHM for the Vermilion River Basin and conduct preliminary tests using local meteorological data. 2) Develop an improved wetland module that incorporates the dynamics of drained wetland complexes in the physically based, modular Prairie Hydrological Model of CRHM. 3) Refine CRHM results using advances in the improved wetland module, additional parameter data and other adjustments as necessary. 4) Demonstrate scenarios/sensitivity of landscape components such as wetlands and uplands to support planning decisions and make recommendations for land and watershed management. 5) Apply CRHM results to fortify recommendations and support decision making during initial plan implementation. The objectives were addressed with the following methodology. Existing data on precipitation, hydrometeorology, wetland characteristics, stage and extent, drainage pattern and land cover in the Vermilion River Basin were compiled. The existing CRHM Prairie Hydrological Model formulation was set up on the basin and test runs conducted and compared to streamflow hydrographs over multiple years. Then, improvements to the Prairie Hydrological Model formulation of CRHM were made so that CRHM could simulate sequences of many wetlands of varying sizes. The improved model was evaluated through hydrological simulation and quantitative analysis of streamflow and then used in sensitivity analysis of the effect of changing wetland drainage/restoration on streamflow for the Vermilion River. The model was then used to evaluate wetland manipulation and climate scenarios to fortify recommendations, explore options and support decision making for the implementation of the Vermilion watershed plan. The streamflow response of the Vermilion River Basin at its mouth was found to be dominated by channel hydraulics and the control structures in the lower basin and so it is influenced by wetlands only to the extent that the management regime of these control structures is affected by upstream hydrological behaviour of the tributaries with respect to volume and timing of streamflow inputs to the structures. Changes in the upper basin streamflows are more likely to be controlled by changes in the basin hydrological processes rather than in-stream water management and/or channel modifications and therefore the upper basin streamflows are more likely to show the effects of the manipulation of wetland storage.Item Modelling Snow Water Conservation on the Canadian Prairies(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2011) Pomeroy, John W.; Fang, Xing; Williams, BradSnowcover accumulation has tremendous impacts on Canadian Prairie hydrology and agriculture (Pomeroy and Gray, 1995; Fang and Pomeroy, 2007). Wind redistribution of snow or blowing snow is frequent in the Prairies and controls the accumulation of snowcover. Blowing snow transport is normally accompanied by in-transit sublimation (Dyunin, 1959; Schmidt, 1972; Pomeroy, 1989). Blowing snow transport and sublimation result in losses to exposed snowcovers from erosion of from 30% to 75% of annual snowfall in prairie and steppe environments (Tabler, 1975; Pomeroy et al., 1993). The disposition of this eroded snow to either sublimation or transport and subsequent deposition is important to surface water budgets. Transported snow is available for snowmelt, while that sublimated is returned to the atmosphere. Blowing snow fetch, or the downwind distance of uniform terrain that permits snow transport, determines the disposition between sublimation and transport, longer fetches promoting greater sublimation per unit area (Tabler, 1975; Pomeroy and Gray, 1995). Calculation of blowing snow fluxes (erosion, transport, sublimation) for a uniform area, using the presumption of horizontal steady state flow (Pomeroy, 1989), does not provide sufficient information to calculate the snow cover mass balance over larger areas where flow at many points in the landscape will deviate significantly from steady state conditions. A comprehensive model of blowing snow was assembled by Pomeroy and Li (2000) and tested extensively in the Prairie and Arctic environments where it was shown to accurately predict snow accumulation. Subsequent tests by Fang and Pomeroy (2009) show that the model can accurately predict snow accumulation in a wide range of prairie to partly wooded environments. This project compares field measurements of snow distribution, associated with shelterbelts at various spacings, to modeled results of snow redistribution by wind. Virtual shelterbelt configurations modeled with real climate data examine the likely impacts of shelterbelt systems on snow water conservation over multi-year time periods including drought and snowy years.Item Prairie Hydrological Model Study Final Report(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2010) Pomeroy, John; Fang, Xing; Westbrook, Cherie; Minke, Adam; Guo, Xulin; Brown, TomThis report describes the development of the Prairie Hydrological Model (PHM), a model that is suitable for hydrological process simulations in the prairie pothole region of Western Canada. The model considers all major prairie hydrological cycle, wetland storage, and runoff generation mechanisms and is capable of addressing the influences of changing land use, wetland drainage and climate variability. The purpose of this report is to describe the model, examine the performance of the model, and to demonstrate the model as a predictive tool for prairie hydrology. This purpose is achieved by using the model to analyze the impacts of wetland drainage and restoration as well as changes in surrounding upland land use on downstream hydrology. This focus on wetland drainage impacts required the development and testing of a new volume-area-depth (v-a-h) method for estimating wetland volume in the prairie pothole region. The method was incorporated into the PHM and improved the model’s ability to estimate wetland volume. The Cold Regions Hydrological Model platform (CRHM) is a computational toolbox developed by the University of Saskatchewan to set up and run physically based, flexible, object oriented hydrological models. CRHM was used to create the PHM for Smith Creek Research Basin (~400 km2 ), Saskatchewan. Two types of PHM runs were performed to estimate the basin hydrology. The non-LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) runs used a photogrammetric based DEM (digital elevation model) to estimate drainage area and hydrograph calibration to determine maximum depressional storage. The LiDAR runs used a fine-scale LiDAR derived DEM to determine drainage area and maximum depressional storage; use of LiDAR information meant that calibration was not required to set any parameter value. In both cases all non-topographic parameters were determined from basin observations, remote sensing and field surveys. Both LiDAR and non-LiDAR model predictions of winter snow accumulation were very similar and compared quite well with the distributed snow survey results. The simulations were able to effectively capture the natural sequence of snow redistribution and relocate snow from ‘source’ areas (e.g. fallow and stubble fields) to ‘sink’ or ‘drift’ areas (e.g. tall vegetated wetland area and deeply incised channels). This is a vital process in controlling the water balance of prairie basins as most water in wetlands and prairie river channels is the result of redistribution of snow by wind and subsequent snowmelt runoff. Soil moisture status is an important factor in determining the spring surface runoff and in controlling agricultural productivity. Unfrozen soil moisture content at a point during melt was adequately simulated from both modelling approaches. Both modelling approaches were capable of matching the spring streamflow hydrographs with good accuracy; the non-LiDAR approach performed slightly better than the LiDAR approach because the streamflow hydrograph was calibrated, whereas no calibration was involved in the LiDAR simulation. However, the LiDAR approach to simulation shows promise for application to ungauged basins or to changing basins and demonstrates that prairie hydrology can be simulated based on our current understanding of physical principles and good basin data that provides “real” parameters. The approach uses a ii LiDAR DEM, SPOT 5 satellite images and involved automated basin parameters delineation techniques and a new wetland depth-area-volume calculation. The new wetland depth-area-volume calculation used a LiDAR-derived DEM to estimate maximum depressional storage, a substantial improvement over estimates generated from simpler area-volume methods. This was likely due to the inclusion of information on depression morphology when calculating volume. Further, the process to retrieve the coefficients from a LiDAR DEM was automated and wetland storage was estimated at a broad spatial scale. A GIS model was created that can automatically extract the elevation and area data necessary for use in the new depth-area-volume method. Using the Prairie Hydrological Model, PHM, a series of scenarios on changing land use and wetland and drainage conditions was created from 2007-08 meteorological data. The scenario simulations were used to calculate cumulative spring basin discharge, total winter snow accumulation, blowing snow transport and sublimation, cumulative infiltration, and spring surface depression storage status. From these simulations, spring streamflow volumes decreased by 2% with complete conversion to agriculture and by 79% with complete restoration of wetlands; conversely it increased by 41% with complete conversion to forest cover and by 117% with complete wetland drainage. The greatest sensitivity was to further drainage of wetlands which substantially increased streamflow. Additional sensitivity analysis of scenarios on basin streamflow using historical (29-year periods: 1965-82 and 1993-2005) meteorology and initial conditions and current land use was carried out. Results showed that the effects of land use change and wetland drainage alteration on cumulative basin spring discharge volume and peak daily spring discharge were highly variable from year to year and depended on the flow condition. For both forest conversion and agricultural conversion and wetland drainage scenarios increased the long-term average peak discharge from current conditions, whereas wetland restoration reduced it. Forest conversion, agricultural conversion and wetland drainage scenarios increased the long-term average spring discharge volume by 1%, 19%, and 36% respectively; whilst the wetland restoration scenario reduced volumes by 45%. Several recommendations were made regarding the modelling challenges faced by this study and value of local meteorological data collection and using a LiDAR generated DEM for Prairie hydrological modelling purposes. It is recommended that similar studies be conducted in other geographic areas of the prairies where climate, soils, wetland configuration and drainage may produce differing results.Item Prairie Hydrological Model Study Progress Report, April 2008(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2008) Pomeroy, John; Westbrook, Cherie; Fang, Xing; Minke, Adam; Guo, XulinThis report is an update on the progress made over the first 12 months of the Prairie Hydrological Model Study and corresponds to Milestone #3. In summary, we have characterized the 2007-2008 Hydrological Year for modeling by installing weather, soil moisture, rainfall and pond level recording stations, observing summer evaporation, fall freeze-up and winter snowpack development to the start of melt. We have also made progress on wetland and basin characterization using remote sensing and other spatial information, and begun analysis of hydrometeorological data.Item Prairie Hydrological Model Study Progress Report, December 2008(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2009) Pomeroy, John; Westbrook, Cherie; Fang, Xing; Brown, Tom; Minke, Adam; Guo, XulinThis report is an update on progress made to the middle of December 2008, corresponding to “Milestone Month 20”. According to our study plan, at this milestone “we will have completed a wetland module and with evaluation on Smith Creek Research Basin and archival data available at the Centre for Hydrology (Objective 3, 4)”. More specifically, Objectives 3 and 4 are stated as: • Objective 3: A physically based, hydrological response unit-based hydrological model, (the Prairie Hydrological Model), will be developed that is suitable for multiple season simulation of the hydrology of the Canadian Prairie environment. The model will be capable of predicting water balance, soil moisture, snow cover, actual evaporation and streamflow on a daily time-step with minimal calibration of model parameters from streamflow records. The model will contain a wetland module that includes assigned variable drainage rates from the wetland. The intended basins would drain to a stream or internally drained lake/wetland, with basin size to be greater than ~1 km2 and less than ~250 km2. • Objective 4: The Prairie Hydrological Model will be evaluated at Smith Creek through hydrological simulation and quantitative analysis of multi-objective criteria, including streamflow and wetland extent. Whilst calibration will be minimised and limited to non-physical aspects of the model, certain parameters will be optimised from these comparisons. For streamflow, both annual and peak flows are parameters of interest. For wetlands, seasonal extent is the parameter of interest. Outlined below are the research activities regarding these two objectives, beginning with a description of the model created with the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform (CRHM), the CRHM-Prairie Hydrological Model, or CRHM-PHM, followed by a description of the addition of the wetland module, and concluding with preliminary results from CRHM-PHM evaluations at Smith Creek.Item Progress Report: Land Use and Wetland Drainage Effects on Prairie Water Quality Study(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2009) Westbrook, Cherie; Brunet, Nathalie N.This report is an update on progress made to the end of December 2008. According to our study plan, we should have completed one summer worth of data collection and made progress in laboratory analytical work. Outlined in the report are data collection methods and progress to date made on our research objective of “determining changes in water quality of streams and impacts to ecosystem function associated with wetland drainage”. Considerable progress toward the research objective was achieved during the reporting period, and overall, the project is on schedule. Smith Creek was broken down into its tributaries (North Fork, South Fork and Thingvalla). Water samples at the outlet and tributaries of Smith Creek were taken on 35 occasions during the spring, summer and fall. Chemical analysis of these samples is 70% complete. The wetland for the drainage experiment was selected and instrumented with an electronic water level recorder and precipitation gauge. A bathymetry survey of the wetland was carried out and used to compute the volume of water stored in the wetland at different water levels. Water chemistry for the wetland was analyzed 29 times during the spring, summer and fall. Preliminary results show concentrations of DOC increased over the spring and early part of the summer as the wetland evaporated. Concentrations then fell to post-snowmelt values during the unusually wet late summer period. The wetland was drained this fall ahead of schedule due to the needs of the landowner. Once drained, the wetland lost 42% of its volume within 22 hours. Preliminary findings were that the drain was a source of TP during the first 2.5 hours and then transitioned to a sink. The Benthic Entomology (BENT Lab) of the Saskatchewan Watershed Authority (SWA) provided a preliminary assessment of the biotic health in the Smith Creek watershed. Sampling was conducted in spring 2008, and the progress of this assessment is as follows: a) Four sites were sampled in the watershed; b) 83% of all samples have been processed and identified; c) to date, a total of 9,669 individuals have been identified, representing 80 taxa; and d) of the samples processed, they are characterized primarily by pollution-tolerant fly larvae, and fast growing non-insect taxa typical of seasonal prairie streams. SWA is now preparing plans for additional assessment in 2009, and further evaluation of 2008 results using a reference condition approach and test site analysis in order to obtain robust measures of ecosystem health in the Smith Creek watershed.Item Realising Global Water Futures: a Summary of Progress in Delivering Solutions to Water Threats in an Era of Global Change: second edition(Global Institute for Water Security Global Water Futures Program, 2024-05-29) Global Water FuturesIn 2016, with initial funding through the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, the Global Water Futures team set out to produce actionable scientific knowledge on how we can best forecast, prepare for, and manage water futures in the face of dramatically increasing risks. As Global Water Futures moves towards synthesizing the results of its research, this briefing book, updated in 2024, provides description of the progress of GWF's more than 50 projects up to 2023. The book includes links to related peer-reviewed publications, dissertations, and conference papers, a table that categorises the projects by theme, and an index.Item A Review of Canadian Prairie Hydrology: Principles, Modelling and Response to Land Use and Drainage Change(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2007) Fang, Xing; Minke, Adam; Pomeroy, John; Brown, Tom; Westbrook, Cherie; Guo, Xulin; Guangul, SeifuThis report reviews research on the hydrological cycle, runoff generation, hydrological modelling and the influence of changes to land cover and wetlands on the same for the Canadian Prairies. The purpose of this report is to identify and examine the major processes that are responsible for prairie hydrology as well as the impacts of land cover change such as wetland drainage on water storage and on the streamflow hydrograph. The objective of this report is to propose hydrological modelling techniques; these techniques can contribute to the development of a predictive tool in the form of a prairie hydrological model. It is intent to utilize such a hydrological model to evaluate the impacts of wetland drainage and restoration as well as changes in the surrounding upland land use on downstream hydrology. Hydrology in the Canadian Prairie region is complex and highly varied. Only one third of annual precipitation occurs over the winter and the surface snow water equivalent distribution is highly heterogeneous due to wind redistribution of snow during blowing snow storms. Blowing snow can transport and sublimate as much as 75% of annual snowfall from open prairie fields. The formation of drifts from windblown snow lengthens the spring runoff season and modulates the peak spring flows. The frozen state of mineral soils results in rapid snowmelt runoff in the springtime, which produces 80% or more of annual local runoff. The prairie region is characterized by glacially-formed depressions; these depressions fill with water to form pothole sloughs and wetlands and are very important to prairie hydrology due to their surface storage capacity. A fill-and-spill runoff mechanism is identifiable in prairie basins that are dominated by these surface depressions where flow does not commence until all storage in the depressions is filled. This results in an episodic and rapid increase in contributing area during peak runoff events. However outside of these events much of the prairie landscape is non-contributing to streamflow and even in the most extreme runoff events, some prairie basins are internally drained and never contribute to streamflow. This fill and spill phenomenon is in contrast to forms of hydrological storage found in temperate regions in which the flow rate is proportional to storage. Because of depressional storage and poorly and internally drained basins, most surface runoff in the prairie region does not contribute to the major river systems. Hydrological processes in the prairie region are sensitive to the land cover and climate change. Wetlands can be completely dried out when surrounded by native grassland rather than agricultural fields. Droughts are frequent on the Canadian Prairies. Lower precipitation and higher air temperature are the common characteristics of droughts; surface snowmelt runoff is largely suppressed and can even completely cease when warmer (e.g. 5 ºC increase of temperature) or drier (e.g. 50% decrease of precipitation) conditions develop. The Cold Regions Hydrological Model platform (CRHM) is a “state-of-the-art” physically-based hydrological model designed for the prairie region. CRHM is based on a modular, object-oriented structure in which component modules represent basin descriptions, observations, or physically-based algorithms for calculating hydrological processes. Preliminary tests show reasonable performance of CRHM in simulating the water balance and streamflow hydrograph for prairie regions. The model also shows capabilities to simulate impact of land use change and climate change on hydrological processes and streamflow. Further work in CHRM will be development of surface storage and surface routing models that are suitable for modelling hydrology in the prairie wetland region.Item Review of Lake Diefenbaker Operations 2010-2011 : Centre for Hydrology Final Report to the Saskatchewan Watershed Authority(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2012) Pomeroy, John W.; Kevin ShookAnalysis of the Lake Diefenbaker operation and hydrometeorological events of 2010-2011 suggests that minimum reservoir levels have been rising over time and were particularly high in the winter and spring of 2010-2011 resulting in a greater risk of high outflow events if predicted inflows were not accurate. Rules and policies for operating Gardiner Dam based on verified information and priority of operations to minimize cumulative risk were not in place to optimize dam operations after several mid winter events restricted outflows from the dam. Unfortunately inflows were underpredicted in 2011 due to underestimation of upstream snowpacks, inability to quantify ungauged inflows from prairie runoff, inadequate available information on upstream and local meteorological conditions, and reliance on statistical forecast procedures based on previous climate conditions. The impact of outflows on downstream areas was difficult to quantify because of an underestimation of outflows from the Coteau Creek hydroelectric station at Gardiner Dam and the lack of sufficient hydrometric stations downstream. Whilst water supply goals for the reservoir were met in the period, and downstream flood extent was cut in half; the acreage duration of flooding between Moon Lake and Saskatoon was not reduced by dam operation and the annual peak flow downstream on the Saskatchewan River was not reduced by dam operation. The overall evaluation of SWA operation of Lake Diefenbaker in light of the operational objectives understood at the time is that SWA forecasting staff did a superb job with the limited tools and resources, complex operating system and unspecified operating rules available to them.Item Saskatchewan’s Natural Capital in a Changing Climate : An Assessment of Impacts and Adaptation(Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative, 2009) Sauchyn, Dave; Henderson, Norm; Barrow, Elaine; Wheaton, Elaine; Fang, Xing; Johnston, Mark; Pomeroy, John W.; Thorpe, Jeff; Williams, BClimate change impacts in Saskatchewan are already evident and will become increasing significant over time. This report draws on the expertise of top climate change researchers and a large body of previous work to create a state-of-knowledge synthesis of key biophysical impacts and adaptation options specific to Saskatchewan. The focus is Saskatchewan’s ecosystems and water resources and the sectors of our economy, agriculture, and forestry, which are most dependent on these natural resources. The purpose of this report is to 1) document the expected impacts of climate change on Saskatchewan’s natural resources and dependent industries, and 2) outline options for adaptation of resource management practices, policies and infrastructure to minimize the risks associated with the impacts of climate change and to take advantage of opportunities provided by a warming climate.Item Sensitivity of Snowmelt Hydrology on Mountain Slopes to Forest Cover Disturbance(Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2011) Pomeroy, John W.; Fang, Xing; Ellis, Chad; Guan, MayMarmot Creek Research Basin was the subject of intense studies of snowmelt, water balance and streamflow generation in order to generate a five year database of precipitation inputs, snowpack dynamics and streamflow that could be used in hydrological model testing. A physically based hydrological model of the basin was constructed using the Cold Regions Hydrological Model and tested over four years of simulation. The model was found to accurately simulate snowpacks in forested and cleared landscapes and the timing and quantity of streamflow over the basin. The model was manipulated to simulate the impacts of forest disturbance on basin snow dynamics, snowmelt, streamflow and groundwater recharge. A total of 40 forest disturbance scenarios were compared to the current land use over the four simulation years. Disturbance scenarios ranged from the impact of pine beetle kill of lodgepole pine to clearing of north or south facing slopes, forest fire and salvage logging impacts. Pine beetle impacts were small in all cases with increases in snowmelt of less than 10% and of streamflow and groundwater recharge of less than 2%. This is due to only 15% of the basin area being covered with lodgepole pine and this pine being at lower elevations which received much lower snowfall and rainfall than did higher elevations and so generated much less streamflow and groundwater recharge. Forest disturbance due to fire and clearing affected much large areas of the basin and higher elevations and were generally more than twice as effective in increasing snowmelt or streamflow. For complete forest cover removal with salvage logging a 45% increase in snowmelt was simulated, however this only translated into a 5% increase in spring and summer streamflow and a 7% increase in groundwater recharge. Forest fire with retention of standing burned trunks was the most effect forest cover treatment for increasing streamflow (up to 8%) due to minimizing both sublimation of winter snow and summer evaporation rates. Peak daily streamflow discharges responded more strongly to forest cover decrease than did seasonal streamflow with increases of over 20% in peak streamflow with removal of forest cover. It is suggested that the dysynchronization of snowmelt timing with forest cover removal resulted in an ineffective translation of changes in snowmelt quantity to streamflow. This resulted in a complementary increase in groundwater recharge as well as streamflow as forest cover was reduced. Presumably, a basin with differing soil characteristics, groundwater regime or topographic orientation would provide a differing hydrological response to forest cover change and the sensitivity of these changes to basin characterisation needs further examination.Item Snow Surveys and Hydrometeorology Data Collection in 2009 Winter Field Season at Smith Creek Basin(Centre for Hydrology, University Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2009) Pomeroy, John; Westbrook, Cherie; Fang, Xing; Minke, Adam; Guo, XulinThis report describes the data collection being conducted in 2009 winter field season at Smith Creek Basin. The data collection consists of two components: snow surveys and hydrometeorology. The following sections explain the procedures of collecting these data and how a comparison to the data from last winter field season.