Coal-Based Activated Carbon via Microwave-Assisted ZnCl2 Activation for Methyl Violet 2B Dye Removal: Optimization, Desirability Function, and Adsorption Mechanism
Date
2023
Authors
Musa, Salis A.
Abdulhameed, Ahmed Saud
Baharin, Siti Nor Atika
ALOthman, Zeid
Wilson, Lee
Jawad, Ali H.
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MDPI
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Article
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Abstract
In this work, activated carbon (referred to as MCAC) was produced by microwave radiation assisted ZnCl2 activation using Malaysian coal (MC) as a precursor. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller findings indicate that the MCAC has a relatively large surface area (798.18 m2/g) and a mesoporous structure (average pore diameter of 3.67 nm). The removal of Methylene Violet (MV 2B) a cationic dye model, was employed to investigate the adsorption properties of MCAC. A numerical desirability function in the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the independent crucial adsorption variables as follows: A: MCAC dose (0.02–0.1 g); B: pH (4–10); and C: time (5–25 min). The results of equilibrium and dynamic adsorption showed that the adsorption of MV 2B followed Freundlich and pseudo-second order models, respectively. The maximum amount of MV 2B dye that the MCAC could adsorb (qmax) was 134.1 mg/g. Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking, H-bonding, and pore diffusion contribute to the adsorption of MV 2B dye onto the MCAC surface. This study demonstrates the potential to utilize MC as a low-cost precursor for the efficient synthesis of MAC and its utility for the removal of pollutants.
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
Keywords
activated carbon, coal, chemical activation, adsorption, dye removal, Box–Behnken design
Citation
Musa, S.A.; Abdulhameed, A.S.; Baharin, S.N.A.; ALOthman, Z.A.;Wilson, L.D.; Jawad, A.H. Coal-Based Activated Carbon via Microwave-Assisted ZnCl2 Activation for Methyl Violet 2B Dye Removal: Optimization, Desirability Function, and Adsorption Mechanism. Minerals 2023, 13, 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13030438
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Citation
Musa, S.A.; Abdulhameed, A.S.; Baharin, S.N.A.; ALOthman, Z.A.;Wilson, L.D.; Jawad, A.H. Coal-Based Activated Carbon via Microwave-Assisted ZnCl2 Activation for Methyl Violet 2B Dye Removal: Optimization, Desirability Function, and Adsorption Mechanism. Minerals 2023, 13, 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13030438
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DOI
10.3390/min13030438