Coal-Based Activated Carbon via Microwave-Assisted ZnCl2 Activation for Methyl Violet 2B Dye Removal: Optimization, Desirability Function, and Adsorption Mechanism
| dc.contributor.author | Musa, Salis A. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Abdulhameed, Ahmed Saud | |
| dc.contributor.author | Baharin, Siti Nor Atika | |
| dc.contributor.author | ALOthman, Zeid | |
| dc.contributor.author | Wilson, Lee | |
| dc.contributor.author | Jawad, Ali H. | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-07-12T05:16:18Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-07-12T05:16:18Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2023 | |
| dc.description | © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | In this work, activated carbon (referred to as MCAC) was produced by microwave radiation assisted ZnCl2 activation using Malaysian coal (MC) as a precursor. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller findings indicate that the MCAC has a relatively large surface area (798.18 m2/g) and a mesoporous structure (average pore diameter of 3.67 nm). The removal of Methylene Violet (MV 2B) a cationic dye model, was employed to investigate the adsorption properties of MCAC. A numerical desirability function in the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the independent crucial adsorption variables as follows: A: MCAC dose (0.02–0.1 g); B: pH (4–10); and C: time (5–25 min). The results of equilibrium and dynamic adsorption showed that the adsorption of MV 2B followed Freundlich and pseudo-second order models, respectively. The maximum amount of MV 2B dye that the MCAC could adsorb (qmax) was 134.1 mg/g. Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking, H-bonding, and pore diffusion contribute to the adsorption of MV 2B dye onto the MCAC surface. This study demonstrates the potential to utilize MC as a low-cost precursor for the efficient synthesis of MAC and its utility for the removal of pollutants. | en_US |
| dc.description.sponsorship | The Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSP2023R1), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | en_US |
| dc.description.version | Peer Reviewed | en_US |
| dc.identifier.citation | Musa, S.A.; Abdulhameed, A.S.; Baharin, S.N.A.; ALOthman, Z.A.;Wilson, L.D.; Jawad, A.H. Coal-Based Activated Carbon via Microwave-Assisted ZnCl2 Activation for Methyl Violet 2B Dye Removal: Optimization, Desirability Function, and Adsorption Mechanism. Minerals 2023, 13, 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13030438 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.3390/min13030438 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10388/14800 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.publisher | MDPI | en_US |
| dc.rights | Attribution 2.5 Canada | * |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ca/ | * |
| dc.subject | activated carbon | en_US |
| dc.subject | coal | en_US |
| dc.subject | chemical activation | en_US |
| dc.subject | adsorption | en_US |
| dc.subject | dye removal | en_US |
| dc.subject | Box–Behnken design | en_US |
| dc.title | Coal-Based Activated Carbon via Microwave-Assisted ZnCl2 Activation for Methyl Violet 2B Dye Removal: Optimization, Desirability Function, and Adsorption Mechanism | en_US |
| dc.type | Article | en_US |