Detoxification of DON Contaminated Wheat by Fractional Pneumatic Separation, Near-Infrared Transmittance (BoMill), and Gaseous Ozone, and the Effects of Treated Grain on Broiler Chickens.
Date
2024-07-23
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
ORCID
0000-0002-9819-5525
Type
Thesis
Degree Level
Masters
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) caused by Fusarium spp. in cereal grains is a concern to the livestock industry, Current practices involve blending with clean grain to reduce overall DON content, but issues arise when clean grain has limited availability. These experiments were designed to determine: (1) if low DON wheat could be recovered from high DON wheat using specialized instruments; (2) the improvement of low DON grain recovery using two instruments in sequence and performance effects of sorted grain fed to broiler chickens; (3) the efficacy of gaseous ozone to reduce DON content in contaminated grains. The BoMill IQ (BoMill; BoMill AB, Sweden), a near infrared transmittance spectroscopy (NIT) single kernel sorter, was used with the Fusarium calibration to sort DON contaminated grain, as well as a GCS-200 grain cleaner (Grain Cleaning, LLC, MN, USA).
In the first study, the BoMill was used to sort DON contaminated wheat and determine optimal calibration (Protein or Fusarium) and settings (HVK; hard vitreous kernel) to sort into eight fractions total, six sortable fractions with two unsortable fractions, and determine grain recovery under 5mg/kg DON of different wheats with different initial DON concentration. Experimental design was a CRD with four replications, data analyzed using least squares regression. The Fusarium calibration HHVK setting had 50.3% (P = 0.015), 29.0% (P = 0.001), and 1.8mg/kg (P = 0.068) recovered low DON wheat, rejection rate, and DON content respectively, which were intermediate to other settings and optimal compared to Protein calibration HVK setting 46.2% (P = 0.005) recovery, 35.6% (P = 0.001) rejection rate, and 1.6mg/kg (P = 0.001) DON content. Grain recovery (P<0.001) and rejection rate (P = 0.001) are dependent on initial DON concentration when sorting different sources of DON contaminated wheat. Using the BoMill technology could be an effective solution for regions with high DON incidence.
In the second study a GCS-200 grain cleaner was used to sort and clean DON contaminated wheat by grain density, the intermediate DON content fraction was then sorted using the BoMill with optimal settings from the first study. Sorted and unsorted grain was used to formulate diets with graded amounts of DON for broiler birds to evaluate performance and intestinal morphology. Experimental design for grain sorting was a CRD with four replications. Experimental design for the broiler study was an RCBD with a 2 x 4 +1 factorial with ten replications. Fractional pneumatic separation grain recovery was 52.8, 42.7, and 58.8% with an average DON of 1.7, 1.5, and 1.0 mg/kg for three different initial DON wheats. Sequential sorting increased grain recovery between 10.5 to 19%. Dietary DON did not exceed 3.05 mg/kg. Bird performance and intestinal morphology were not different overall between treatments.
In the third study, DON contaminated wheat was treated with gaseous ozone at different moisture contents and temperatures. Grain moisture was adjusted to 10.8, 15 or 20% moisture and grain treated with gaseous ozone for 24 hours at room temperature, then 20% moisture content wheat was temperature adjusted to 2°C or 29°C and treated with gaseous ozone for 24 hours. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA using JMP. Increasing grain moisture content improved ozone degradation of DON by 6.7, 20.2, and 38.2% (P = 0.011) for 10.8, 15, and 20% moisture grain respectively. Temperature did not affect DON degradation when grain moisture was 20% (P > 0.10). Ozone can reduce DON content of wheat by 20 to 38% of wheat when grain moisture is above 15%.
The key findings of the experiments were that the BoMill NIT Fusarium calibration can effectively sort and remove Fusarium damaged grain creating a fraction with reduced DON content. Sorting DON contaminated grain sequentially using a GCS-200 then BoMill improves grain recovery of low DON wheat. Sorted wheat can be used in broiler feed. Treating wheat with ozone can reduce the DON concentration at higher moisture levels.
Description
Keywords
Deoxynivalenol, Wheat, Broiler, Near-Infrared Transmittance, Fractional Pneumatic Separation, Sorting, BoMill, Ozone, Grain Recovery
Citation
Degree
Master of Science (M.Sc.)
Department
Animal and Poultry Science
Program
Animal Science