Graduate Theses and Dissertations

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https://hdl.handle.net/10388/381

This collections holds all University of Saskatchewan graduate level electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) published since 2005. More than 700 print theses published before 2005 have been digitized and added to the collection as well.

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PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND NUTRIENT PROPERTIES AND TRUE NUTRIENT SUPPLY OF WHOLE OAT GRAINS IN RUMINANT SYSTEMS: EFFECT OF OAT VARIETIES AND TYPES (FEED TYPE VS. MILLING TYPE)
(2024-04-26) Deng, Ganqi; Yu, Peiqiang; Christensen, David; Lardner, Herbert (Bart); Brook, Ryan
The general objectives of this study were to determine the effect of four varieties and two types of oats (feed type vs. milling type) on the physiological and nutrient properties and true nutrient supply in ruminant system as an alternative feed source for ruminants. This project was carried out in three major phases. In the first phase, results showed that CDC Nasser had highest EE, NPN and lowest ADL among four varieties (P<0.05). CDC Haymaker had highest CP content among four oat varieties (P<0.05), and the value of iNDF120h on CDC Haymaker were largest among four varieties. CDC Nasser had highest TDN and energy values among four varieties (P<0.05). Based on the CNCPS 6.5 model, the CC fraction of CDC Nasser was lowest among four varieties (P<0.05). In the second phase, results also showed that CDC Haymaker and Arborg had higher Kd of DM, CP, and starch than that of CDC Nasser (P<0.05), and these Kd values of CDC Nasser were much smaller than other oat varieties. The EDDM, EDCP, and EDST of CDC Nasser were smallest among varieties as well (P<0.05). Oat varieties also had significant impact on N/OM and ED_N/ED_OM, and CDC Arborg was closest to the optimal ratio of ED_N/ED_OM (25 g/kg). In the third phase, results revealed that CDC Nasser had lowest MREE, DVME, DVE and FMV based on the Dutch DVE/OEB system (P<0.05), and all the OEB values of oats were much larger than zero indicating had potential N losses in the rumen. As for the oat types, significant impact was observed on EE, CP, NPN, ADL, TDN, Kd of DM, starch and CP, BDM, EDDM, BST, EDST, TDDM, TDST, DVE, OEB and FMV between feed and milling type (P<0.05). Milling oats had higher non-fiber carbohydrate values, while feed oats had higher structure carbohydrate values and FMV comparing to milling oats. In conclusion, all the oat varieties could be a good feed source for the dairy cows. CDC Nasser had largest TDN and energy values on dairy cows. CDC Nasser was the optimal variety to replace the barley grains of rations of dairy cattle based on this study.
The loss of matrix norm equivalence in big data analysis and the Marchenko-Pastur Law
(2024-04-26) Heidorn, Emma Fan; Wang, JC; Li, Longhai; Xing, Li; Rayan, Steven
In statistics, p dimensional data are collected n times. Traditionally, the dimension of p would be larger than n; however, as technology progresses, we enter the era of big data where n is no longer much larger than p. The large ratio of p n causes pitfalls in methods and algorithms that were developed with the opposite in mind. To solve this problem, methods using random matrix theory were brought up in [4], this thesis will be focusing on results concerning the Marchenko-Pastur Law. This thesis is not a cutting-edge research, but an organized presentation of the Marchenko- Pastur Law. This is written so students and researchers can quickly grasp the ideas and methods without difficulty.
Identification of QTL and Candidate Genes for Protein Concentration and Protein Quality in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
(2024-04-26) Zhou, Junsheng; Warkentin, Tom; Bueckert , Rosalind; Nickerson, Michael; Tar’an, Bunyamin; Willenborg, Christian; Duncan, Robert
The abstract of this item is unavailable due to an embargo.
Using Minimally Invasive Sampling Methods to Evaluate Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Visitation in Response to Environmental and Anthropogenic Stimuli
(2024-04-25) Rivet, Danielle R; Clark, Douglas A; Wilson, Kenneth E; Brook, Ryan K; McLoughlin, Philip D; Benson, James D; Thiemann, Gregory W; Rode, Karyn D; Todd, Christopher D
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are spending more and more time on land in an increasingly warming Arctic, raising concerns for both human safety and polar bear conservation. This research aimed to investigate the ecological and anthropogenic influences on polar bear visitation to infrastructure in western Hudson Bay, and how these factors drive the growing risk for human-polar bear conflict. More specifically, examining the links between sea ice breakup and freeze-up dates, the length of the onshore season, polar bear body condition, human presence, and polar bear visitation to infrastructure shed light on valuable insights into the complex interplay between environmental conditions, human activities, and the potential for conflict between humans and polar bears, ultimately informing management efforts. The data for this project were collected via a combination of camera trap surveys, evaluation of sea ice charts, and human use observations in the western Hudson Bay region. Using mixed effects logistic regressions, generalized linear models, and negative binomial regressions, I validated camera trap efficacy for monitoring polar bear populations, evaluated the relationship between changing sea ice, polar bear body condition, and patterns in polar bear visitation to infrastructure, and determined the effects of body condition and levels of human presence on polar bear visitation frequency. In western Hudson Bay, lone female bears were in the best body condition, while females with young, especially cubs of the year, tended to be in the worst body condition, suggesting a potential paradigm shift away from subadults being the bears most involved in human-polar bear interactions and conflict. Moreover, polar bears in this region were observed more frequently at infrastructure during years where the ice-free season is the longest, increasing chances of interactions with people. However, neither the Churchill Northern Studies Centre nor the remote camps in Wapusk National Park were serving as attractants to polar bears, and the group size or duration of human presence did not play an important role in this. Lastly, I determined camera trapping surveys are a valid method of monitoring polar bear populations, but multi-camera setups are encouraged for highest efficacy. Further monitoring is warranted. While camera traps are a reliable method for monitoring polar bear populations, especially for Arctic communities, an expansion of the camera array on the landscape and collaboration with Indigenous communities will help to create a more robust data set with higher statistical power and from which to make better inferences in the future.
Effect of Root Carbon on Microbial Abundance and Carbon Cycling in the Topsoil and Subsoil
(2024-04-25) Adams, Kehinde; Helgason, Bobbi; Peak, Derek; Arcand, Melissa; Mevin, St Luce
Understanding the interaction between root carbon (C), microbial C cycling and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics is crucial for C sequestration. This study aimed to look at the interaction between root C, soil microorganisms and their microhabitat on microbial C cycling and the potential for more SOM storage on a cropland. We investigated the turnover of root exudate proxies (glucose, alanine, and citric acid) and their effect on short term apparent soil organic carbon (SOC) priming and microbial abundance in cropland soils obtained from different depths (10-15 cm, 30-35 cm, 50-55 cm). We added exudates to 30 g soil at rate of 28.3 mg C g-1 SOC and measured CO2 fluxes over 408 hrs under controlled conditions and their effect on apparent priming within 22 hrs. The normalized CO2 efflux to the concentration of substrate C added was lowest at the 50-55 cm depth, indicating greater substrate C retention in the 50-55 cm soil. CO2 efflux from citric acid addition was higher than from glucose and alanine at the 10-15 cm and 30-35 cm depths and resulted in the greatest SOC priming. Alanine addition resulted in a notable increase in microbial abundance after a 22-hour period in comparison to both the control soil and other added substrates. We further conducted a field study, mixing canola root with soil from the topsoil (10-15 cm) and with the subsoil (50-55 cm) at different rates (high root biomass vs low root biomass), to test the effect of root biomass rate on C storage in different SOM fractions (mineral associated organic matter and particulate organic matter) and microbial abundance. Using reciprocal transplant, the litterbag mixture was placed at the same depth of soil collection (non-translocated) or flipped (translocated) to evaluate the effect of microhabitat on microbial abundance and C storage. We found that microhabitat but not the root biomass quantity affected microbial abundance and community structure. This finding suggests the potential for more C storage at depth due to the ability of deeper soil layers to retain more C, because of the lower mineralization rates and microbial abundance observed in the subsoil.
The effects of LED light flicker on turkey hen production, health, and welfare to 11 weeks of age
(2024-04-25) Hammond, April Elena; Schwean-Lardner, Karen; Crowe, Trever; Brown, Jennifer; Brook, Ryan; Carney, Valerie
This study examined the impacts of light-emitting-diode flicker on Nicholas Select turkey hens (n=3267) to 11 weeks (wk) of age. There were three treatments: the 30 Hertz (Hz) treatment (30HZ) the 90 Hz treatment (90HZ) and the 195 Hz treatment (195HZ). Birds were randomly assigned to nine independently controlled rooms (364 birds/room at placement). Performance was evaluated through body weight (BW) at 0 days (d), 4, 8, and 11 wk of age. At 0d-4, 4-8, and 8-11 wk BW gain, feed intake (FI) and feed-to-gain ratio were examined. At 10 wk, a sample of 30 birds/room was individually weighed to examine uniformity. Mortality and culls were also collected twice daily. Video recordings were taken at 4, 8, and 10 wk for 18 hrs which were scan sampled at 20-minute intervals to determine the percentage of time (%t) birds spent performing different behaviours. At 10 wk, 20 birds/room were examined for mobility (gait score), footpad lesions, feather condition, and feather cleanliness. At 11 wk 4 birds/room were euthanized and the right eyeball was excised and measured for weight, medio-lateral diameter, dorso-ventral diameter (DV), and anterior-posterior size (AP). Heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were determined using blood samples at 4, 8, and 11 wk (20 birds/room). Litter quality was examined at 11 wk. Incidences of aggressive damage on birds were monitored twice daily. For the first 7 d and at 4, 8, and 11 wk, a novel object test (NOT) was performed to examine fearfulness. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed (SAS 9.4). Tukey’s range test was used to separate means with significance declared when P<0.05. Birds in the 30HZ weighed less than those in the 195HZ at 8 wk with those in the 90HZ intermediate (P=0.025). The birds in the 30HZ had higher BW gain from 8-11 wk compared to those in the 90HZ with those in the 195HZ intermediate (P=0.003). From 0d-4 wk and 4-8 wk, birds in the 30HZ had reduced FI (P≤0.001, 0.001, respectively). Mortality corrected feed-to-gain was improved from 8-11 and 0d-11 wk in the 30HZ compared to the 90HZ with the 195HZ intermediate (P=0.048, 0.040 respectively). Infectious mortality was reduced (P=0.049) in the 195HZ versus the 90HZ from 0d-11 wk with the 30HZ intermediate. Total mortality was reduced in the 195HZ from 0d-11 wk (P=0.024) and 0d-4 wk (P=0.005). From 4-8 wk, round heart mortality was higher in the 30HZ (P=0.040). Footpad scores of 0 were seen more frequently for birds in the 90HZ, resulting in better average footpad scores (P=0.011, 0.021, respectively). Average feather cleanliness was improved and scores of 1 were more frequent for birds in the 90HZ compared to those in the 195HZ with those in the 30HZ intermediate (P=0.021, 0.030, respectively). Flicker frequency did not affect litter quality or NOT. The DV (P=0.046) and AP (P=0.033) of birds in 30 Hz were increased compared to 195 and 90 Hz, respectively. Bird behaviour varied across treatments with no clear pattern. The %t birds spent gentle feather pecking was reduced at 4 and 8 wk in the 30HZ (P=0.040, 0.016 respectively). At 8 wk, %t wing flapping was reduced by birds in the 195HZ (P=0.004). The %t birds spent fighting (P=0.049) and aggressive pecking (P=0.022) was reduced in the 30HZ compared to the 90HZ at 8 wk with the 195HZ intermediate. Birds reduced the %t preening in the 30HZ compared to the 90HZ and 195HZ at 10 wk (P=0.034). Incidences of aggressive damage were reduced at all ages at various locations for birds in the 30HZ with the exception of damage directed towards the neck at 11 wk (P<0.001). The H/L ratio of birds in the 30HZ was reduced compared to those in the 195HZ at 11 wk with those in the 90HZ intermediate (P=0.044). Overall, visible light flicker had negative impacts on production early in a turkey’s life; however, effects were not seen by the end of the production period. Aggression was reduced under the 30HZ; however, this may not be beneficial as other behaviours indicate this may have been due to a reduction in activity. Stress also seems to be reduced, based on H/L ratios, when lamps flicker at 30 Hz, though this is likely due to the reduction in aggression rather than a direct effect of flicker.
The effects of LED light flicker on turkey hen production, health, and welfare to 11 weeks of age
(2024-04-25) Hammond, April Elena; Schwean-Lardner, Karen; Crowe, Trever; Brown, Jennifer; Brook, Ryan; Carney, Valerie
This study examined the impacts of light-emitting-diode flicker on Nicholas Select turkey hens (n=3267) to 11 weeks (wk) of age. There were three treatments: the 30 Hertz (Hz) treatment (30HZ) the 90 Hz treatment (90HZ) and the 195 Hz treatment (195HZ). Birds were randomly assigned to nine independently controlled rooms (364 birds/room at placement). Performance was evaluated through body weight (BW) at 0 days (d), 4, 8, and 11 wk of age. At 0d-4, 4-8, and 8-11 wk BW gain, feed intake (FI) and feed-to-gain ratio were examined. At 10 wk, a sample of 30 birds/room was individually weighed to examine uniformity. Mortality and culls were also collected twice daily. Video recordings were taken at 4, 8, and 10 wk for 18 hrs which were scan sampled at 20-minute intervals to determine the percentage of time (%t) birds spent performing different behaviours. At 10 wk, 20 birds/room were examined for mobility (gait score), footpad lesions, feather condition, and feather cleanliness. At 11 wk 4 birds/room were euthanized and the right eyeball was excised and measured for weight, medio-lateral diameter, dorso-ventral diameter (DV), and anterior-posterior size (AP). Heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were determined using blood samples at 4, 8, and 11 wk (20 birds/room). Litter quality was examined at 11 wk. Incidences of aggressive damage on birds were monitored twice daily. For the first 7 d and at 4, 8, and 11 wk, a novel object test (NOT) was performed to examine fearfulness. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed (SAS 9.4). Tukey’s range test was used to separate means with significance declared when P<0.05. Birds in the 30HZ weighed less than those in the 195HZ at 8 wk with those in the 90HZ intermediate (P=0.025). The birds in the 30HZ had higher BW gain from 8-11 wk compared to those in the 90HZ with those in the 195HZ intermediate (P=0.003). From 0d-4 wk and 4-8 wk, birds in the 30HZ had reduced FI (P≤0.001, 0.001, respectively). Mortality corrected feed-to-gain was improved from 8-11 and 0d-11 wk in the 30HZ compared to the 90HZ with the 195HZ intermediate (P=0.048, 0.040 respectively). Infectious mortality was reduced (P=0.049) in the 195HZ versus the 90HZ from 0d-11 wk with the 30HZ intermediate. Total mortality was reduced in the 195HZ from 0d-11 wk (P=0.024) and 0d-4 wk (P=0.005). From 4-8 wk, round heart mortality was higher in the 30HZ (P=0.040). Footpad scores of 0 were seen more frequently for birds in the 90HZ, resulting in better average footpad scores (P=0.011, 0.021, respectively). Average feather cleanliness was improved and scores of 1 were more frequent for birds in the 90HZ compared to those in the 195HZ with those in the 30HZ intermediate (P=0.021, 0.030, respectively). Flicker frequency did not affect litter quality or NOT. The DV (P=0.046) and AP (P=0.033) of birds in 30 Hz were increased compared to 195 and 90 Hz, respectively. Bird behaviour varied across treatments with no clear pattern. The %t birds spent gentle feather pecking was reduced at 4 and 8 wk in the 30HZ (P=0.040, 0.016 respectively). At 8 wk, %t wing flapping was reduced by birds in the 195HZ (P=0.004). The %t birds spent fighting (P=0.049) and aggressive pecking (P=0.022) was reduced in the 30HZ compared to the 90HZ at 8 wk with the 195HZ intermediate. Birds reduced the %t preening in the 30HZ compared to the 90HZ and 195HZ at 10 wk (P=0.034). Incidences of aggressive damage were reduced at all ages at various locations for birds in the 30HZ with the exception of damage directed towards the neck at 11 wk (P<0.001). The H/L ratio of birds in the 30HZ was reduced compared to those in the 195HZ at 11 wk with those in the 90HZ intermediate (P=0.044). Overall, visible light flicker had negative impacts on production early in a turkey’s life; however, effects were not seen by the end of the production period. Aggression was reduced under the 30HZ; however, this may not be beneficial as other behaviours indicate this may have been due to a reduction in activity. Stress also seems to be reduced, based on H/L ratios, when lamps flicker at 30 Hz, though this is likely due to the reduction in aggression rather than a direct effect of flicker.
SOIL PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN EXPORT AND RETENTION IN RAINFALL RUN-OFF FROM MANURED LANDSCAPES
(2024-04-25) Hlus, Quinn; Schoenau, Jeff; Asgedom, Haben; Si, Bingcheng; Stewart, Katherine; Peak, Derek
Rainfall run-off from manured agricultural fields can be high in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) due to excess nutrient application that is unused by crops. This can pose the risk of eutrophication of nearby surface water bodies receiving run-off. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of precision variable rate application of feedlot cattle manure compared to traditional constant rate applications on nutrient losses in rainfall run-off. A silage barley field at the Livestock and Forage Center of Excellence (LFCE) research facility near Clavet, SK was used for the field study. Additionally, the ability of gypsum and biochar to reduce nutrient losses in leachate was evaluated in a controlled environment study. For the field study, three zones utilizing different nutrient application strategies with three replicate micro-watersheds within each zone were used. The zones were precision variable rate manure application with setbacks from micro-watershed basins, traditional constant rate manure application with no setbacks, and a commercial fertilizer (control) application zone which only received annual synthetic fertilizer applications. The manured zones received manure applications in the spring of 2019 and 2021. Rainfall simulations were conducted in each micro-watershed at different landscape positions (upper east, upper west and depression) in the summers of 2021 and 2022 and nutrient concentrations were measured in the collected run-off. For the controlled environment study, nutrient concentrations in actual rainfall collected from the constant rate and variable rate manure zones was measured before and after being added to columns of soil that were either unamended, or amended with cattle manure-derived biochar or gypsum to determine the effectiveness of these amendments in removing nutrients from leachate. The mean concentrations of total dissolved and soluble reactive P (SRP) in simulated rainfall run-off from the landscape positions were significantly lower in the variable rate manure zone than the constant rate zone in the year of manure application. Biochar did not sorb any nutrients from leachate except for nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) in the 2022 season. Both biochar and gypsum contributed ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) to leachate consistently, and gypsum sorbed SRP from leachate in both study years. The contributions of nutrients from biochar to leachate is attributed to the biochar feedstock material (manure) containing high concentrations of nutrients. Variable rate manure application with setbacks may be considered a suitable management practice to limit the export of nutrients in run-off, thus limiting potential negative environmental impacts. Further research is needed to better characterize the contribution/ sorption of nutrients by biochar and gypsum.
Characterization of Psilocin and Psilocybin Pharmacodynamics in Mouse Models for the Development of Novel Anti-Depressants
(2024-04-25) Ezeaka, Udoka Chidinma; Lapriarie, Robert; Lapriarie, Robert; Dadachova, Ekaterina; Chlan-Fourney, Jenifer; Evans, Charity; Botterill, Justin
The abstract of this item is unavailable due to an embargo.
Developing human anti-MUC4 antibodies for the targeted therapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
(2024-04-25) Bato, Katrina Erika M; Uppalapati, Maruti Chandra; Taghibiglou, Changiz; Krishnan, Anand; Toosi, Behzad
The abstract of this item is unavailable due to an embargo.
LEVEL OF SUPPLEMENTAL FAT IN PREGNANT BEEF COW DIETS DURING MID-TO-LATE GESTATION: EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF THE DAM AND PROGENY FROM BIRTH TO WEANING
(2024-04-24) Cornand, Erika E.; Lardner, Herbert (Bart) A.; McKinnon, John J.; Fitzsimmons, Carolyn J.; Larson, Kathy A.; Swanson, Kendall; Penner, Gregory B.
A 2-year study evaluated the effects of feeding a canola-based (7.4% ether extract) pellet to gestating cows on cow performance, reproductive efficiency, milk yield and composition, blood metabolite concentrations, and calf performance until weaning. Each yr, 72 pregnant cows were stratified by stage of gestation (111 ± 20 d) and body weight (BW; 619 ± 50 kg), allocated to 12 pens in a randomized complete block design. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 replicated (n = 4/yr) dietary treatments: 0 (CON), 150 (LOW), and 300 (HIGH) g of fat/d from canola pellet (DM basis). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (CP: 8.40 ± 0.40%) and isocaloric (TDN: 59.78 ± 1.05%), while meeting NASEM (2016) nutrient requirements for pregnant beef cattle. Treatments were fed during the last two trimesters of gestation (148 ± 3 d) based on a dry matter intake of 1.89% of treatment average BW and transitioned to a common diet at the end of the feeding trial. Orthogonal contrasts were used to assess linear and quadratic relationships between fat inclusion and dependent variables. Differences were detected in body condition score (BCS; 1-5 scale; P = 0.03) and rib fat thickness (P < 0.05) at the start of trial, thus were included as covariates in the analysis of all related variables at subsequent time points. BW and conceptus corrected BW tended to linearly increase (P = 0.10 and 0.07, respectively) and the percentage of thin cows (BCS ≤ 2.5) linearly decreased (P = 0.01) across treatments at calving. As fat inclusion increased, BCS change from calving to breeding and weaning (P < 0.01 and 0.01, respectively) and BCS at breeding (P < 0.01) quadratically decreased. There was a quadratic response (P = 0.03) in pregnancy rate to fat inclusion, maximizing at 150 g/d of added fat. Although fat inclusion tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.10) male birth weight, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.34) in progeny weaning weight or average daily gain from birth to weaning for either sex. Fat supplementation at 150 g/d optimized reproduction without negative impacts on pre-weaning progeny growth and profitability.
Wet Fractionation Approaches For Isolating Pulse Proteins And Their Modification Through pH Shifting
(2024-04-17) Higa, Federica A; Nickerson, Michael T; Chen, Lingyun; Warkentin, Tom; Tanaka, Takuji; Ghosh, Supratim; Eskiw, Christopher
Plant protein extraction involves separating proteins from other plant materials. The extracted proteins are then used in various food and non-food applications depending on their nutritional and functional properties. In the case of food ingredients, markets require consistent and reliable protein ingredients. Pulses are high in proteins, and their extracted proteins exhibit good functionality when used as ingredients, such as foaming or emulsifying agents. However, the processing conditions to which the proteins are subject can impact the protein structure and affect their functionality. The overarching goal of this study was to investigate the impact of extraction conditions, such as flour to water ratio (f:w), particle size of the starting flours and the use of different extraction methods, on the surface and functional properties of four different pulses: yellow peas (YP), green lentils (GL), kabuli chickpeas (CH) and navy beans (NB). Additionally, the effect of a pH shifting method was investigated on a commercial pea protein as a model for a pulse protein, with the aim of enhancing pulse protein solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties. The first study (Chapter 3) examined the effect of reducing water levels used during alkaline extraction, where three different flour:water ratios were tested (1:10, which is the most commonly used ratio, 1:7 and 1:5) on fine pulse flours (sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh size screen, P1) and the resulting extraction, protein yields, and functionality were assessed. The results showed that reducing the water levels used in the extraction process did not result in changes in functionality; however, it led to a significant decrease in the protein yields recovered. Due to these protein losses, a 1:10 f:w ratio was selected to perform extractions with a coarse flour (1.27 mm mesh size screen, P2) to assess extraction yields as well as functionality. Results showed that using a fine flour led to an increase in both extraction (0.4 to 3.2 % increase) and protein yields (7.9 to 10.3 % increase). In terms of the functional properties, P1 and P2 extracted proteins differed in some functional properties, but these differences were not consistent for all the pulses evaluated. Determination of the legumin (L) and vicilin (V) ratios of the pulse types evaluated led to finding differences in functionality between the different pulse types tested: NB exhibited the highest solubility and emulsifying properties, while CH showed the highest foaming capacity (FC). This study highlights the impact of milling and control of the particle size of the starting flours on the extraction of pulse proteins. The second study (Chapter 4) focused on the effect of using different extraction methods, alkaline extraction – isoelectric precipitation - AEIP and salt extraction- SE, on the surface, functional and nutritional properties of protein isolates extracted from the same pulses tested in the first study. The optimum conditions found in the first study were used in this study as well since the 1:10 f:w ratio and P1 flours achieved the highest yields. Results showed that the extraction method influences the type of proteins being extracted, impacting the albumin (A)/ globulin (G) ratios. The SE-extracted proteins extracted a greater proportion of albumins than the AEIP method, and these differences in protein composition had an effect on the nutritional properties as well as on protein functionality, impacting protein solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties. The proteins extracted using an AEIP method showed increased in-vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), while the SE proteins showed overall increased functionality over the AEIP proteins. The last study (Chapter 5) explored the effect of acid (pH 2) and alkaline (pH 10) pH shifting in combination with temperature on a commercial pea protein isolate as a modification method to improve the protein’s solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties. Results from this study indicated that an alkaline pH shifting, as well as in combination with heat, led to increases in protein solubility, while an acidic treatment as well as in combination with heat negatively impacted this functional property. The FC of the samples was increased by an alkaline pH shifting, while FS results were either neutral or negatively impacted by the treated samples. An analysis of the foam structure using a dynamic foam analyzer (DFA) allowed us to explore differences and to monitor the bubble structure of the resulting foams. Overall, this research explored the effects of protein extraction methods and conditions on the resulting functionality and nutritional properties of common pulses grown in Canada. Knowledge from these studies can provide further understanding on the impact of changes in protein structure during processing and aid in obtaining consistent ingredients with the expected functionality for food applications.
To Sing Of Mountains
(2024-04-24) Scott, Olive Lien; Lynes, Jeanette; Bolster, Stephanie; Voitkovska, Ludmilla; Martin, Ann
To Sing of Mountains is a collection of lyric poetry that consists of twenty-six free verse poems and one ghazal. The poems call upon the ancient mountains as witnesses to civilizations of past and present, using them to trace the cycles of cultural and geographic change that occur throughout the ages. This collection weaves itself among the histories of empire and ceremony, examining what has changed and what has stayed the same in an attempt to reflect on war, migration, land ownership, climate change, power, and the lives of women. Some of the poems draw upon mysticism and the chaos of time; others mimic the mountains and shifting tectonic plates by use of shape and form; all serve as meditations on life and living.
THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF Larix, Picea, and Pseudolarix (PINACEAE) BASED ON FOSSILS FROM THE BUCHANAN LAKE FORMATION, AXEL HEIBERG ISLAND, N.W.T., ARCTIC CANADA
(1993) LePage, Ben A.; Basinger, J.F.
Exquisitely preserved fertile and vegetative remains of Larix, Picea, and Pseudolarix have been recovered from middle Eocene sediments of the Buchanan Lake Formation on eastern Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. These remains, as well as a review of the fossil record of Larix, Picea, and Pseudolarix, provide a basis for examination and interpretation of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of these representatives of the Pinaceae. The quality and large number of specimens available for study have provided the opportunity to study, in detail, the morphological features of the seed cones. The results indicate that the bracts, together with other features of the cones, are species specific and useful for the identification and separation of fossil, as well as living representatives of these genera. On the basis of seed-cone morphology, one species of Larix, three species of Picea, and two species of Pseudolarix are recognized from the Axel Heiberg Island deposits. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of Larix, Picea, and Pseudolarix fossils indicate that displacement of taxa between North America and Eurasia likely occurred through Beringia, and that the establishment of these genera in Europe appears not to have occurred until Miocene or Pliocene time, once the climate had sufficiently cooled.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON RESONANT FREQUENCIES AND NATURAL RESPONSE OF STATORS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
(1978-02) Girgis, Ramsis Sedhom; Verma, S. P.
Accurate assessment of values of resonant frequencies and natural response of stators is essential for the purpose of acquiring a quiet operation of electrical machines. In this thesis, an analysis of a general nature is developed for the determination of values of resonant frequencies and natural response of stators of encased construction. The derived frequency equation is applicable to all modes of vibration and can deliver information about all possible resonant frequencies of a stator. The analysis is based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity; and it is capable of delivering information about not only the radial vibrations of stators but also about the torsional and axial vibrations. Simplified frequency equations are also derived from the general frequency equation for the special cases of uniform vibrations along the stator circumference and along the stator length. In order to examine the validity of the analysis, extensive experimental investigations were carried out on nine different models which represent stators of small, medium, and large electrical machines. The comparisons made between the experimental and the analytical results prove the general validity of the analysis. The experimental results also confirm the actual existence of several important phenomena predicted by the analysis. These are the phenomenon of dual resonance, the phenomenon of coupling between components of displacement, and the phenomenon of multiple resonances. The thesis also presents a fundamental experimental study of the manner in which values of resonant frequencies, amplitudes of vibration and frequency response of stators at resonance are affected by the dynamics of teeth, windings, frame, and laminations. The findings of this study would be helpful for proper incorporation of the effects of teeth, windings, frame, and laminations in the process of accurate determination of resonant frequencies and natural response of stators. The physical interpretations of the results given in the thesis would also help in acquiring a better understanding of the vibration behavior of stators in relation to the problem of electromagnetic acoustic noise in electrical machines.
A LEAST ERROR SQUARES TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF A VOLTAGE SIGNAL
(1986-10) Giray, Mahmut Mustafa; Sachdev, M. S.
The use of digital processors in implementing protective relaying functions has attracted considerable attention in the past several years. A major part of a digital processor based relay is the algorithm which estimates the system parameters such as voltage, current and frequency, using the- digitized samples obtained from the system. Developments of suitable algorithms to detect these parameters have been a major challenge to many researchers. This project is concerned with the development of an algorithm for estimating the magnitude and frequency of a voltage signal using the least error squares curve fitting technique. One of the main considerations is the validity of the algorithm when the magnitude and/or the frequency of the voltage substantially deviate from their nominal values. The effective use of the algorithm under such conditions has been accomplished. The use of the proposed algorithm for implementing a software based volts-per-hertz relay is also demonstrated in this project.
A DIGITAL FREQUENCY-CUM-RATE OF CHANGE OF FREQUENCY RELAY
(1978-11) Giray, Mahmut Mustafa; Sachdev, M. S.
Under-frequency relays are often used to detect deficiency of generation in a power system and to shed load to restore generation-load balance. These relays operate somewhat after the frequency falls to a prespecified level. The difference between the set frequency and the frequency at which load shedding is initiated depends on the rate at which the frequency continues to change. To eliminate this delay frequency-cum-rate of change of frequency relays have been proposed, developed and used. These relays are designed using analog electronic circuits. The availability of digital processing devices has considerably increased during the last few years while the cost of these devices has been rapidly decreasing. The use of digital processors in system control and protection is at the verge of becoming economically competitive. This thesis examines the presently used methods of measuring frequency and rate of change of frequency at a power system bus. A few new and novel approaches are then proposed. Also examined are the relative advantages and suitability of these approaches for use in relays based on digital processors. A relay design using the selected techniques of measuring frequency and rate of change of frequency is then outlined. Implementation of this design and relay tests performed in the laboratory are also described.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A DIGITAL CONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
(1977-11) Gilchrist, Rodney Dale; Bollinger, K. E.
This thesis describes the design and implementation of a minicomputer based system to develop and evaluate general purpose digital feedback controllers that will operate in the frequency range below ten hertz. An immediate area of application is in the control of turbo generators where additional signals, beyond the standard terminal voltage feedback, are used to provide damping. The feedback of such signals as the machine output electrical power has recently proved advantageous. The controller development system will be a powerful tool in further research in this area. It will allow the development of digital control techniques that could not previously be conveniently tested. Field test results are described where, as a convenient test case, the digital system satisfactorily emulated an existing power system stabilizer on Calgary Power's Sundance unit 3. Stripchart traces are included that, illustrate the performance of the digital controller relative to the existing installed analog controller. These tests were performed with the generator operating on-line near rated load conditions. The tests point out some of the attributes and shortcomings of the prototype digital controller.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A VLSI SYSTOLIC ARRAY FOR THE TRANSPORTATION SIMPLEX ALGORITHM
(1989-07) Ghatraju, Lakshmikanth; Bolton, R. J.; Abd-Al-Barr, M. H.
The increasing demand for high speed and improved performance in modem signal and image processing applications, and the availability of low-cost, high-density, high-speed VLSI devices have facilitated the design and implementation of massively parallel processors. The decreasing hardware cost and the emerging computer-aided design facilities have inspired many innovative designs in array processor architecture. One of the important advances in array processor architecture is the "systolic architecture". In this thesis, a design of a systolic array for the transportation simplex algorithm is proposed. The transportation problem is one of the most important linear programming problems. It is a general problem of allocating limited resources among competing activities in an optimal way. A basic systolic cell design for the transportation matrix array of size n x m is presented. A simulator for the transportation simplex algorithm was written to verify the proposed design and architecture. The initial basic feasible solution was obtained using Russell's approximation method. Another algorithm to obtain the initial basic feasible solution to the transportation problem based on the "greedy" approach is proposed. The hardware implementation of the basic cell was carried out using the QUISC silicon compiler and the associated standard cell library. The fabricated chips were found to be operational as expected at a maximum operational speed of 10 MHz.
OPTIMIZATION OF A SYSTEM USING STATISTICAL CONTROL THEORY
(1970-01) Ganesan, Krishnamurthy; Fleming, R. J.
The earlier methods for finding the optimum settings of the variable control parameters of a speed governor of a hydro-electric turbine employed arbitrary performance indices and assumed deterministic system disturbances. In this thesis, the Generalized Mean Square Error, the GMSE, is used as a performance index. The GMSE is a function of the correlation functions of input and output and is ideally suited for situations where the disturbance is non-deterministic. A method is developed to describe the random input disturbance statistically and hence to evaluate the input autocorrelation. The other correlation functions required for the evaluation of the GMSE are then derived using the input autocorrelation function and the frequency response function of the system under study. The model used in this study is a particular example of a non-minimum phase, time invariant feedback control system with a transport delay subject to a random disturbance. It is an electric turbo-generator supplying an isolated load. The turbine is provided with the conventional mechanical type governor. The trends in the variations of the GMSE resulting from changes in the statistics of the input disturbance and in the control parameters are shown.

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